{"id":169759,"date":"2024-06-17T09:45:23","date_gmt":"2024-06-17T13:45:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=169759"},"modified":"2024-08-19T11:17:43","modified_gmt":"2024-08-19T15:17:43","slug":"religious-landscape-and-change-in-east-asia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religious-landscape-and-change-in-east-asia\/","title":{"rendered":"1. Religious landscape and change"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-define-east-asia\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-define-east-asia&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we define East Asia<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typically, East Asia is <a href=\"https:\/\/asiasociety.org\/countries-regions\/east-asia\">considered to encompass<\/a> China, Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan. In geopolitical terms, Vietnam is often categorized as part of Southeast Asia. But we surveyed Vietnam along with East Asia for several reasons, including its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Vietnam\/Vietnam-under-Chinese-rule\">historic ties to China<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/j.ctv3zp043.6.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3A9a8fd9f6572644cbba3eff48ba5b2684&amp;ab_segments=&amp;origin=&amp;initiator=&amp;acceptTC=1\">Confucian traditions<\/a>. Moreover, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780195393521\/obo-9780195393521-0015.xml\">Buddhists in Vietnam<\/a> practice the same strain of Buddhism (Mahayana) found across East Asia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Throughout this report, the term \u201cEast Asia\u201d refers to Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>When discussing trends throughout the broader \u201cregion,\u201d we include Vietnam.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For legal and logistical reasons, we did not survey several other places that are generally considered part of East Asia. At present, China does not allow <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinafile.com\/ngo\/latest\/fact-sheet-chinas-foreign-ngo-law\">non-Chinese organizations<\/a> to conduct surveys on the mainland, and public opinion surveys are not possible in North Korea. Conducting nationally representative surveys in Mongolia is difficult due to the nomadic lifestyle of a large part of its people. We did not survey Macau because its population is relatively small.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most people in the five Asian societies surveyed either identify as Buddhist or say they have no religion. But substantial shares in South Korea and Hong Kong identify as Christian, and Taiwan has a sizable number of Daoists (also spelled Taoists).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Religious \u201cswitching\u201d \u2013 changing from one\u2019s childhood religion to a different religious identity in adulthood \u2013 is quite common <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-and-spirituality-in-east-asian-societies\/#religious-switching-in-the-region\">in Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan<\/a>. Switching is less common in Vietnam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">People who were raised in a religion but no longer identify with <em>any<\/em> religion account for most of the switching in the region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, in Hong Kong and South Korea, roughly half of adults say they have left the religion in which they were raised; many have given up Buddhism or Christianity and are now religiously unaffiliated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In all five places, however, most people who say they were raised with \u201cno religion\u201d have retained that identity, remaining unaffiliated in adulthood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite this region\u2019s relatively high levels of religious switching, <a href=\"#persuading-others-to-switch\">public attitudes toward proselytizing<\/a> are mixed. Large majorities in Japan and South Korea say it is generally unacceptable for people to try to persuade others to join their religion. In Hong Kong, Taiwan and Vietnam, respondents are more supportive of conversion efforts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;religious-composition&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"religious-composition\">Religious composition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In three places surveyed, the religiously unaffiliated are the largest group: Most adults in Hong Kong (61%), and roughly half in South Korea (52%) and Vietnam (48%), say they have no religion.[6. numoffset=&#8221;6&#8243; The religious identification question in this survey asked: \u201cWhat is your religion, if any? Buddhist; Catholic, Protestant or other Christian; Muslim; Daoist; Confucian; Local religions\/Indigenous religions; No religion; or Some other religion.\u201d In Japan, \u201cShinto\u201d was also listed as an answer option. (In Vietnam, we began the question with \u201cRegardless of how the government records your religion, \u2026\u201d) People who answered \u201cNo religion\u201d are categorized as having no religion or as being religiously unaffiliated. This question was worded slightly differently in Asia than in some other Pew Research Center surveys \u2013 particularly <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/religious-nones-in-america-who-they-are-and-what-they-believe\/\">our U.S. surveys<\/a> \u2013 which don\u2019t offer a \u201cNo religion\u201d option but, instead, offer three separate choices \u2013 atheist, agnostic and \u201cnothing in particular\u201d \u2013 that are combined into a \u201creligiously unaffiliated\u201d category. In this report, we refer to people with \u201cno religion\u201d and the \u201creligiously unaffiliated\u201d interchangeably.] Substantial shares in Japan (42%) and Taiwan (27%) say the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169979\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f1f1f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f1f1f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-01.png?resize=480,376 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-01.png?resize=782,613 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-01.png?resize=840,658 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"329\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-01.png?w=840\" alt=\"A table showing the share of adults in five Asian publics who identify as having no religion, being Buddhist, Christian, Daoist or some other religion. In Hong Kong, 61% have no religion, while the rest are mostly Christian or Buddhist.\" class=\"wp-image-169979 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buddhists also are prevalent in the region. We find that 46% of Japanese, 38% of Vietnamese and 28% of Taiwanese adults identify as Buddhist, while 14% in both Hong Kong and South Korea are Buddhist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Christians are not the largest religious group in any of the five places surveyed, although roughly one-third of South Koreans identify as Christian, as do 20% of Hong Kongers and 10% of Vietnamese adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Overall, the religiously unaffiliated, Buddhists and Christians account for roughly 90% of adults or more in four of the places surveyed. In Taiwan, those three religious groups make up 62% of adults, and an additional 24% are Daoist.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"types-of-buddhism\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;types-of-buddhism&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>Types of Buddhism<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We did not ask respondents to say which of the<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2012\/12\/18\/global-religious-landscape-buddhist\/\"> three major strands<\/a> of Buddhism they follow, though past research has shown that Mahayana Buddhism is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Mahayana\">prevalent in Japan, South Korea<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/asiasociety.org\/education\/religion-vietnam\">Vietnam<\/a>. Mahayana, which originated in China, <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2012\/07\/19\/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-appendix-6\/\">teaches its followers to strive<\/a> to become <em>bodhisattvas<\/em>, or \u201cwisdom bodies,\u201d who work toward enlightenment for themselves and all beings. The other major strands of Buddhism \u2013 Theravada and Vajrayana (also known as Tibetan Buddhism) \u2013 are more prevalent in places such as Thailand, Sri Lanka and Nepal.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"evangelical-christians\">Evangelical Christians<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adults who self-identify as Christian were asked a follow-up question: \u201cWould you describe yourself as a born-again or evangelical Christian?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169980\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0f0f0\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0f0f0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-02.png?resize=480,422 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-02.png?resize=620,545 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"273\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-02.png?w=620\" alt=\"A table showing the share of Christian adults in four Asian publics who identify as born-again or evangelical. 51% of South Korean Christians say they are born-again or evangelical.\" class=\"wp-image-169980 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About half of Christians in South Korea say they are born-again or evangelical. Smaller shares of Christians in Vietnam (44%) and Hong Kong (36%) give the same answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In South Korea, older Christian adults are more likely than those under 35 to say they are evangelical (54% vs. 38%). Christians without a college degree, as well as South Korean women, also are more likely than their counterparts to describe themselves as born-again or evangelical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Taiwan, only 8% of Christians describe themselves as born-again or evangelical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Christians also were surveyed in Japan, but the number of Christians in our sample of Japanese adults is too small to allow their characteristics or views to be analyzed and reported separately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;how-religious-identity-differs-by-age&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-religious-identity-differs-by-age\">How religious identity differs by age<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Younger adults (ages 18 to 34) are consistently more likely than older adults not to identify with any religion. In Taiwan, for instance, younger adults are almost twice as likely as older adults to be religiously unaffiliated (41% vs. 22%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169981\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f3f3f3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f3f3f3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-03.png?resize=480,645 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-03.png?resize=782,1051 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-03.png?resize=840,1129 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"565\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-03.png?w=762\" alt=\"A table showing the share of adults in five Asian publics, broken down by age, who identify as having no religion, being Buddhist, Christian, Daoist or some other religion. The chart shows that in Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, older adults are more likely than younger adults to identify as Buddhist.\" class=\"wp-image-169981 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Younger adults also tend to be less likely than older adults to identify as Buddhist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among Christians, there are no wide age gaps except in South Korea, where 25% of younger adults and 35% of older ones identify as Christian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;religious-switching&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"religious-switching\">Religious switching<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When demographers study <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2015\/04\/02\/main-factors-driving-population-growth\/\">how a society\u2019s religious mix is changing<\/a>, they typically consider five factors that drive change over time: religious switching (the voluntary choices people make about which religious groups they belong to, if any); age structure (differences in the age and sex composition of groups); fertility rates (how many children are born to women in different religious groups); mortality rates (whether people in some religious groups live longer than others); and migration rates (how many people in each religious group are moving into and out of a particular place).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This report does not attempt to measure differences in fertility, mortality or migration between religious groups. However, we measured religious switching by asking respondents two separate questions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is your religion, if any?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thinking about when you were a child, in what religion were you raised?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The responses to these two questions allow us to calculate what percentage of the public has left a religious group (or \u201cswitched out\u201d) and what percentage has entered (or \u201cswitched in\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Switching can go in multiple, and partially offsetting, directions. In Hong Kong, for example, 26% of adults say they were raised as Buddhists, but just 14% currently identify as Buddhist. This is because 17% of adults in Hong Kong were raised as Buddhists but now identify with some other religion (or with no religion), while 4% were<em> not <\/em>raised as Buddhists but have entered Buddhism as adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On balance, the survey finds that religious switching has resulted in an overall (or \u201cnet\u201d) loss to Hong Kong\u2019s Buddhist community of 12 percentage points, after rounding to the nearest integer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"net-gains-and-losses-for-each-religious-group\">Net gains and losses for each religious group<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Across the region, the religiously unaffiliated population generally has experienced the biggest net gains from religious switching, drawing large shares from every other religious category in all places except Vietnam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169982\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f1f1f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f1f1f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-04.png?resize=480,574 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-04.png?resize=782,936 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-04.png?resize=840,1005 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"503\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-04.png?w=840\" alt=\"A table showing the share of adults in five Asian publics who were raised in, left, entered, and currently identify as Buddhist, Christian, or having no religion. In Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, religious switching has led to increases for the unaffiliated.\" class=\"wp-image-169982 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In South Korea, for example, 23% of adults surveyed say they were raised without a religion, but 52% currently identify as religiously unaffiliated \u2013 a gain of 29 points. This is because 35% of South Koreans have left their childhood religion to join the ranks of the unaffiliated, while just 6% who were raised unaffiliated have joined a religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Only in Vietnam is this pattern of net growth among the religiously unaffiliated reversed. There, the share who claim no religious identity has <em>fallen<\/em> 7 points between respondents\u2019 childhoods and today (55% vs. 48%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meanwhile, Buddhism has experienced net losses in Hong Kong, Japan and South Korea. For instance, 57% of adults in Japan say they were raised Buddhist, while 46% are currently Buddhist \u2013 a net loss of 12 points (after rounding). This is because people who were raised Buddhist have left the community at a higher rate than people have entered Buddhism from other religious backgrounds. While 17% of Japanese adults were raised Buddhist but no longer identify as Buddhist, just 6% have switched into Buddhism after being raised in some other religious tradition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Taiwan and Vietnam, on the other hand, Buddhism has experienced slight net <em>increases<\/em> due to religious switching.<br><br>Also in Taiwan, Daoism has shrunk dramatically due to switching: 42% of adults say they were raised Daoist, compared with 24% who identify as Daoist today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The percentages who identify as Christian have fallen over people\u2019s lifetimes in Hong Kong (net loss of 9 points) and South Korea (down 8 points).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"retention-rates-or-stickiness\">Retention rates or \u2018stickiness\u2019<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another way of measuring religious change is to look at retention rates: What percentage of all the people raised in a group remain in that group today? This is sometimes referred to as how <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/09\/13\/how-u-s-religious-composition-has-changed-in-recent-decades\/\">\u201csticky\u201d<\/a> a group is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Across the region, among survey respondents who say they were raised without a religion, most still do not identify with any religion today. Retention rates among the unaffiliated range from 64% in Taiwan to 84% in Japan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Retention rates for Buddhists vary widely. Most people raised as Buddhists continue to identify with Buddhism in Vietnam (87%), Japan (70%) and Taiwan (67%). But far fewer have stuck with Buddhism in Hong Kong (37%) and South Korea (32%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meanwhile, Christians have relatively low retention rates in Hong Kong (40%) and South Korea (51%) but a higher rate in Taiwan (63%) and an exceptionally high rate in Vietnam (95%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169983\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f4f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f4f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-05.png?resize=480,398 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-05.png?resize=782,649 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-05.png?resize=960,797 960w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-05.png?resize=1200,996 1200w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-05.png?resize=1280,1062 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"531\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-05.png?w=1024\" alt=\"A table showing the share of adults in five Asian publics who were raised Buddhist, Christian or having no religion, and either currently still identify with their childhood religion or no longer identify with their childhood religion. This is the retention rates for religious groups in each place surveyed. For example, in Hong Kong, 37% of people raised Buddhist are still Buddhist.\" class=\"wp-image-169983 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Across the region, most people who have left their childhood religion tend to be unaffiliated, no longer identifying with any religion. (Switching from having a religion to having no religion is often called <em>disaffiliation. <\/em>For figures on disaffiliation across Asia and other parts of the world, turn to <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-and-spirituality-in-east-asian-societies\/#religious-switching-in-east-asia-compared-with-the-rest-of-the-world\">the Overview of this report<\/a>.) In Vietnam, for instance, 13% of people raised Buddhist have left Buddhism, and most of them (10% of all people raised Buddhist) now have no religion; 2% have become Christian and 1% identify with other religious groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conversely, among those who were raised without a religion and have taken on a religion in adulthood, most have become either Buddhist (as in Vietnam) or Christian (as in South Korea.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;which-groups-have-the-biggest-shares-of-new-entrants&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"which-groups-have-the-biggest-shares-of-new-entrants\">Which groups have the biggest shares of new entrants?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yet another way of looking at religious change is to consider which religious groups have the largest percentages of new entrants, sometimes called an \u201caccession rate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In general, the religiously unaffiliated are more likely than other groups to be composed of newcomers. For example, in Japan, 49% of the unaffiliated were raised in some religious community, while just 12% of Japanese Buddhists were raised outside Buddhism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169984\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f3f4f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f3f4f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-06.png?resize=480,399 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-06.png?resize=782,650 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-06.png?resize=960,798 960w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-06.png?resize=1200,998 1200w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-06.png?resize=1280,1064 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"532\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-06.png?w=1024\" alt=\"A table showing the share of adults in five Asian publics who currently identify as Buddhist, Christian or having no religion, and were either raised in their current religious group or raised in a religious group different from their current group. This is the accession rate for religious groups in each place surveyed. For example, in Hong Kong, 37% of people raised Buddhist are still Buddhist.\" class=\"wp-image-169984 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once again, Vietnam bucks the trend. While 9% of Vietnam\u2019s unaffiliated adults grew up with a religion, 25% of Vietnam\u2019s current Buddhist adults were raised outside Buddhism. And most of these converts to Buddhism say they grew up unaffiliated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Across the region, at least half of all Buddhists and Christians were raised in the religious community they identify with today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;persuading-others-to-switch&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"persuading-others-to-switch\">Persuading others to switch<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">People across East Asia and Vietnam express widely differing views on whether proselytizing (i.e., seeking religious conversions) is acceptable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169985\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f3f4f3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f3f4f3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-07.png?resize=480,1116 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-07.png?resize=620,1441 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"721\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-07.png?w=441\" alt=\"A table showing the share of adults in five Asian publics who say is it acceptable or unacceptable for a person to try to persuade other to join his or her religion. Most in Japan and South Korea oppose proselytizing efforts.\" class=\"wp-image-169985 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most adults in Japan (83%) and South Korea (77%) say it is unacceptable for a person to try to persuade others to join his or her religion. This includes vast majorities of the religiously unaffiliated and Buddhists in both places. Most Christians in South Korea (70%) also oppose proselytization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">People in Taiwan and Vietnam are more divided about conversion efforts. In neither place do a majority say such efforts are acceptable or unacceptable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hong Kong is the only place surveyed where a majority of respondents say it is <em>acceptable<\/em> to proselytize (67%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;attending-christian-and-buddhist-schools&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"attending-christian-and-buddhist-schools\">Attending Christian and Buddhist schools<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most adults throughout the region say they did <em>not<\/em> attend any school with a religious affiliation during the course of their education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hong Kong is an exception, with half of adults there saying they have attended a school associated with a Catholic or other Christian church. (This may be in part due to a large increase in church-run public education <a href=\"https:\/\/zolimacitymag.com\/how-did-christianity-become-so-influential-in-hong-kong\/\">starting in the 1960s<\/a>. Government statistics in 2022 showed that about half of primary school students in Hong Kong <a href=\"https:\/\/www.edb.gov.hk\/attachment\/en\/about-edb\/publications-stat\/figures\/Enrol_2022.pdf\">attended a school associated with a Catholic or other Christian church<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169986\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f2eee5\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f2eee5;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-08.png?resize=480,560 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-08.png?resize=782,912 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-08.png?resize=840,980 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"490\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_1-08.png?w=840\" alt=\"Bar charts showing the share of adults in five Asian publics who say they attended a school associated with a Christian or Catholic church, a Buddhist organization. Adults in Hong Kong are especially likely to have gone to Christian schools, with 50% of adults saying this.\" class=\"wp-image-169986 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In general, it\u2019s more common for people in the places surveyed to have attended a school with Christian connections than one associated with a Buddhist organization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, Christians are more likely to have attended Christian schools than Buddhists are to have attended schools with Buddhist ties. For instance, 22% of Taiwanese Christians attended a school associated with a Christian or Catholic church, while 10% of Taiwanese Buddhists ever attended a school connected to a Buddhist organization.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Most identify as Buddhist or unaffiliated, and religious \u201cswitching\u201d over a person\u2019s lifetime is common.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":675,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"apple_news_api_id":"","apple_news_api_revision":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"","apple_news_api_modified_at":"","apple_news_api_share_url":"","apple_news_api_pending":"","apple_news_is_preview":false,"apple_news_is_hidden":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[161,192,179,169,412,160,195],"tags":[],"bylines":[925,866,832,550,701,589],"collection":[],"datasets":[2390],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[507,514],"research-teams":[517],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-169759","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-beliefs-practices","category-buddhism","category-christianity","category-non-religion-secularism","category-pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project","category-religious-identity-affiliation","category-religiously-unaffiliated","bylines-alan-cooperman","bylines-jonathan-evans","bylines-kelsey-jo-starr","bylines-kirsten-lesage","bylines-manolo-corichi","bylines-william-miner","datasets-east-asian-societies-survey-dataset","formats-report","regions-countries-asia-pacific","regions-countries-international","research-teams-religion"],"label":false,"post_parent":169727,"word_count":2164,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religious-landscape-and-change-in-east-asia\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":169896,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"A man burns joss sticks in a cemetery during the Ching Ming Festival, or Grave Sweeping Day, in Hong Kong. (Anthony Wallace\/AFP via Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":169896,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"A man burns joss sticks in a cemetery during the Ching Ming Festival, or Grave Sweeping Day, in Hong Kong. (Anthony Wallace\/AFP via Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":169896,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"caption":"A man burns joss sticks in a cemetery during the Ching Ming Festival, or Grave Sweeping Day, in Hong Kong. (Anthony Wallace\/AFP via Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":169896,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"A man burns joss sticks in a cemetery during the Ching Ming Festival, or Grave Sweeping Day, in Hong Kong. (Anthony Wallace\/AFP via Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":169896,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"caption":"A man burns joss sticks in a cemetery during the Ching Ming Festival, or Grave Sweeping Day, in Hong Kong. (Anthony Wallace\/AFP via Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"social":{"id":169896,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"caption":"A man burns joss sticks in a cemetery during the Ching Ming Festival, or Grave Sweeping Day, in Hong Kong. (Anthony Wallace\/AFP via Getty Images)","chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":169727,"title":"Religion and Spirituality in East Asian Societies","slug":"religion-and-spirituality-in-east-asian-societies","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-and-spirituality-in-east-asian-societies\/","is_active":false},{"id":169759,"title":"1. Religious landscape and change","slug":"religious-landscape-and-change-in-east-asia","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religious-landscape-and-change-in-east-asia\/","is_active":true},{"id":169781,"title":"2. Religion as a way of life","slug":"religion-as-a-way-of-life","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-as-a-way-of-life\/","is_active":false},{"id":169796,"title":"3. Beliefs","slug":"beliefs","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/beliefs\/","is_active":false},{"id":169809,"title":"4. Practices","slug":"practices","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/practices\/","is_active":false},{"id":169816,"title":"5. Ancestor veneration, funerals and afterlife beliefs","slug":"ancestor-veneration-funerals-and-afterlife-beliefs","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/ancestor-veneration-funerals-and-afterlife-beliefs\/","is_active":false},{"id":169822,"title":"6. Religion, politics and society","slug":"religion-politics-and-society","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-politics-and-society\/","is_active":false},{"id":169828,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"religion-in-east-asia-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-in-east-asia-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":169834,"title":"Methodology","slug":"religion-in-east-asia-methodology","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-in-east-asia-methodology\/","is_active":false},{"id":169839,"title":"Appendix A: Sources","slug":"religion-in-east-asia-appendix-a-sources","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-in-east-asia-appendix-a-sources\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_v21q7grr4","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_report.pdf","label":"Report 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