{"id":171871,"date":"2024-06-15T13:03:51","date_gmt":"2024-06-15T17:03:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=171871"},"modified":"2025-05-06T16:50:08","modified_gmt":"2025-05-06T20:50:08","slug":"most-black-americans-believe-u-s-institutions-were-designed-to-hold-black-people-back","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/most-black-americans-believe-u-s-institutions-were-designed-to-hold-black-people-back\/","title":{"rendered":"Most Black Americans Believe U.S. Institutions Were Designed To Hold Black People Back"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-callout has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"editorial-note-to-readers\"><strong>Editorial note to readers<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.4\">A version of this study was originally published on June 10. We previously used the term \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-and-u-s-institutions-methodology\/#note\">racial conspiracy theories<\/a>\u201d as an editorial shorthand to describe a complex and mixed set of findings.\u00a0By using these words, our reporting distorted rather than clarified the point of the study.\u00a0Changes to this version include: an updated headline, new &#8220;explainer&#8221; paragraphs, some additional context and direct quotes from focus group participants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.4\">Claudia Deane, Mark Hugo Lopez and Neha Sahgal contributed to the revision of this report.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=171911\"><img data-dominant-color=\"999189\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png?resize=480,270 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png?resize=782,440 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png?resize=960,540 960w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png?resize=1280,720 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png\" alt=\"(Illustration by JDawnInk via Getty Images)\" class=\"wp-image-171911 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #999189; width:640px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">(Illustration by JDawnInk via Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center conducted this study to explore how Black Americans think about the factors that contribute to or hinder their success in the United States. An <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/02\/08\/black-americans-views-on-success-in-the-u-s\/\">early 2024 report<\/a> explored the success factors, and this current report focuses on the hindrances. Based on their real personal and collective historical experiences with racial discrimination, Black Americans might be suspicious of the actions of U.S. institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These suspicions often circulate in Black spaces as ideas about the intentional or negligent harm that hinders Black people from thriving. For this report, Black adults were asked in a survey how familiar they are with these ideas. Then, <em>regardless of their familiarity<\/em>, they were asked if they thought these things were restricted to the past or could also be happening today. Detailed examples of these ideas and corresponding survey results are discussed at length in Chapters 2-7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We surveyed 4,736 U.S. adults who identify as Black and non-Hispanic, multiracial Black and non-Hispanic, or Black and Hispanic. The survey was conducted from Sept. 12 to 24, 2023, and includes 1,755 Black adults on the Center\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/our-methods\/u-s-surveys\/the-american-trends-panel\/\">American Trends Panel (ATP)<\/a> and 2,981 Black adults on Ipsos\u2019 KnowledgePanel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Respondents on both panels are recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. Recruiting panelists by mail ensures that nearly all U.S. Black adults have a chance of selection. This gives us confidence that any sample can represent the whole population (see our <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/fact-tank\/2017\/05\/12\/methods-101-random-sampling\/\">Methods 101 explainer<\/a> on random sampling). For more information on this survey, refer to its <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_Black-Americans-and-US-Institutions_TOPLINE.pdf\">methodology<\/a> and <a href=\"#_Topline_Questionnaire\">topline questionnaire<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This study also included seven focus groups with Black adults of various ages, income levels, political affiliations, and geographic locations. Conducted online from May 23 to June 1, 2023, these groups gave Black adults the opportunity to describe how they defined success and accounted for hindrances to their success. For more information, read the <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-and-u-s-institutions-methodology\/#focus-group-methodology\">focus group methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"terminology\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;terminology&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>Terminology<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The terms <strong>Black Americans<\/strong>, <strong>Black adults<\/strong> and <strong>Black people<\/strong> are used interchangeably throughout this report to refer to U.S. adults who self-identify as Black, either alone or in combination with other races or Hispanic identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Throughout this report, <strong>Black non-Hispanic<\/strong> respondents are those who identify as single-race Black and say they have no Hispanic background. <strong>Black Hispanic<\/strong> respondents are those who identify as Black and say they have a Hispanic background. We use the terms <strong>Black Hispanic<\/strong> and <strong>Hispanic Black<\/strong> interchangeably. <strong>Multiracial<\/strong> respondents are those who indicate two or more racial backgrounds (one of which is Black) and say they are not Hispanic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this report, <strong>immigrant<\/strong> refers to persons born outside of the 50 U.S. states or the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico or other U.S. territories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To create the upper-, middle- and lower-income tiers, respondents\u2019 2021 family incomes were adjusted for differences in purchasing power by geographic region and household size. Respondents were then placed into income tiers: <strong>Middle income<\/strong> is defined as two-thirds to double the median annual income for the entire survey sample. <strong>Lower income<\/strong> falls below that range, and <strong>upper income<\/strong> lies above it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Throughout this report, <strong>Black adults with upper incomes<\/strong> are those who have family incomes in the upper-income tier. <strong>Black adults with middle incomes<\/strong> and <strong>Black adults with lower incomes<\/strong> have family incomes in the middle- and lower-income tier, respectively. For more information about how the income tiers were created, read <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-and-u-s-institutions-methodology\/#how-family-income-tiers-are-calculated\">the methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Throughout this report,\u202f<strong>Democrats<\/strong>\u202fare respondents who identify politically with the Democratic Party or those who are independent or identify with some other party but lean toward the Democratic Party. Similarly,\u202f<strong>Republicans<\/strong>\u202fare those who identify politically with the Republican Party and those who are independent or identify with some other party but lean toward the Republican Party.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=171923\"><img data-dominant-color=\"dee4e3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"1244\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_0-01.png?resize=480,963 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_0-01.png?resize=620,1244 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_0-01.png\" alt=\"A bar chart showing that Majorities of Black adults say U.S. institutions were designed to hold Black people back\" class=\"wp-image-171923 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #dee4e3; width:310px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While many Black Americans view themselves as <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-ethnicity\/2024\/02\/08\/black-americans-views-on-success-in-the-u-s\/\">at least somewhat successful<\/a> and are <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/07\/18\/most-black-adults-in-the-us-are-optimistic-about-their-financial-future\/\">optimistic about their financial future<\/a>, previous work by Pew Research Center also finds <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-ethnicity\/2022\/08\/30\/black-americans-views-on-systemic-change\/\">most believe U.S. institutions fall short<\/a> when it comes to treating Black people fairly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A new analysis suggests that many Black Americans believe the racial bias in U.S. institutions is not merely a matter of passive negligence; it is the result of intentional design. Specifically, large majorities describe the prison (74%), political (67%) and economic (65%) systems in the U.S., among others, as having been designed to hold Black people back, either a great deal or a fair amount.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of U.S. institutions is informed by history, from slavery to the implementation of Jim Crow laws in the South, to the rise of mass incarceration and more. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several studies show that racial disparities in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/visualizations\/2023\/demo\/p60-279.html\">income<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2023\/12\/04\/wealth-gaps-across-racial-and-ethnic-groups\/\">wealth<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2023\/educational-attainment-data.html\">education<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewtrusts.org\/en\/research-and-analysis\/issue-briefs\/2023\/05\/racial-disparities-persist-in-many-us-jails\">imprisonment<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kff.org\/racial-equity-and-health-policy\/issue-brief\/how-present-day-health-disparities-for-black-people-are-linked-to-past-policies-and-events\/\">health outcomes<\/a> persist to this day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=171924\"><img data-dominant-color=\"dbe1e0\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"840\" height=\"1388\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_0-02.png?resize=480,793 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_0-02.png?resize=782,1292 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_0-02.png?resize=840,1388 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_0-02.png\" alt=\"A bar chart showing that Many Black Americans see ongoing and intentional bias in U.S. institutions\" class=\"wp-image-171924 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #dbe1e0; width:420px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The goal of the current study is to explore how Black Americans think about U.S. institutions and the impact they have on their success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Specifically, we examine the extent to which Black Americans believe U.S. institutions intentionally or negligently harm Black people and how personal experiences of racial discrimination factor into these beliefs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The beliefs and narratives that Black Americans have about institutional harm have long been studied by scholars in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8195452\/\">health<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2784897\">social sciences<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=q4f3usi2bxAC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PR9&amp;ots=4B-Z5WD8MG&amp;sig=mRMxyIsr1oigyrgs_d81az9jC3k#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">the humanities<\/a>. Narratives about how institutions were designed to hold Black people back also surfaced in several of the online focus groups Pew Research Center conducted with this study last year. (Selected quotes from our focus group discussions can be found in an <a href=\"#quotes-from-our-2023-focus-groups-of-black-americans\">accompanying text box<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To measure the prevalence of these narratives of mistrust, we conducted a survey of 4,736 Black adults in the U.S. from Sept. 12 to 24, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First, respondents were asked if they had ever heard a series of statements about how U.S. institutions might intentionally or negligently harm Black people. Respondents were then asked if they thought these harms were also happening to Black people today. Here are some key findings about Black Americans\u2019 beliefs in institutional mistrust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>76% of Black adults say Black public officials today are <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-political-system\/\">singled out to be discredited<\/a> in a way that doesn\u2019t happen to White public officials.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>76% say police today <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-criminal-justice-system\/#black-adults-and-mistrust-about-policing-and-prisons\">do very little to stop guns and drugs<\/a> from flooding Black communities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>74% say <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-criminal-justice-system\/#beliefs-about-prisons-and-profits\">Black people are more likely than White people<\/a> to be incarcerated because prisons want to make money on the backs of Black people today.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>67% of Black Americans say businesses today <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-economic-system-and-big-businesses\/#mistrust-of-big-businesses\">target marketing of luxury products to Black people<\/a><strong> <\/strong>in order to put them into debt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>55% of Black adults say <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-and-mistrust-of-the-u-s-health-care-system-and-medical-research\/\">secret and nonconsensual medical experiments<\/a> (like the Tuskegee study) are happening to Black people today.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>55% of Black adults say the government today <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-u-s-government-policies-on-family-and-reproductive-health\/#mistrust-of-family-related-government-policy\">encourages single motherhood<\/a> and the elimination of Black men from Black families.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>51% of Black adults say the government <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-u-s-government-policies-on-family-and-reproductive-health\/#mistrust-of-government-reproductive-health-policy\">promotes birth control and abortion<\/a> to reduce the size of the Black population, and this is happening today.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The report also finds that Black Americans who have experienced racial discrimination are more likely to believe U.S. institutions intentionally or negligently harm Black people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are also modest differences among Black Americans by gender, education, family income and political affiliation. Still, majorities across many Black demographic subgroups are familiar with these statements about the intentions of many U.S. institutions and say these things are happening to Black people today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-callout has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;quotes-from-our-2023-focus-groups-of-black-americans&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quotes-from-our-2023-focus-groups-of-black-americans\">In their own words: Quotes from our 2023 focus groups of Black Americans<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To understand how Black Americans view success and setbacks in the U.S., in May and June 2023, we conducted seven online focus groups nationally among Black people of varying income, age and ideological backgrounds. For details on how groups were defined and recruited, refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-and-u-s-institutions-methodology\/#focus-group-methodology\">focus group methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One theme that emerged: Some participants felt they are up against a system deliberately designed to hold them back. The following are some illustrative quotes: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cI believe there are \u2026 strategic works, behind the scenes, that are being done to sabotage a Black person\u2019s effort. \u2026 You could be on the road to success with nothing stopping you. But then, all it takes is one incident that was planned and plotted against you to destroy your life.\u201d<em><br>\u2013 Woman, low-income group, early 50s<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAs Black people we are always fighting some type of fight. \u2026 We always get to some type of height of success. And then there\u2019s always something that takes us down. \u2026There is always something in the way.\u201d<em><br>\u2013 Woman, young adult group, late 20s<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWell, there\u2019s institutionalized stuff that is invisible. \u2026There are institutionalized things that are in place that one has always suspected, but because they are seemingly benign, you can\u2019t really call them out on it. \u2026There are things like that which I think are purposely built into society or industries or whatever to keep certain numbers down because of access to financial gain.\u201d<em><br>\u2013 Man, high-income group, late 30s<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cI trust the government to an extent, but when it comes to certain things, I don\u2019t. For example, take the pandemic. They had all this help out there for people, but there were certain people that applied for help that just couldn\u2019t get it and they were literally just struggling to just get by. \u2026 I feel like us Black people are helped the least because we\u2019ve always had the short end of the stick.\u201d<em><br>\u2013 Woman, Republican group, late 20s<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThis is a capitalistic society. And I feel as though Black men just have to be the ones at the bottom in order for this system to succeed. \u2026 I think that a few hands may be part of this. I don\u2019t want to speculate, but it just still seems to be a system set in place where Black people, especially Black men, have not been successful for a while. We can even go back to <a href=\"https:\/\/guides.loc.gov\/this-month-in-business-history\/black-wall-street-destroyed\">Black Wall Street<\/a> where we were starting to have a little bit of success, and then that was taken down by the powers to be. So whatever system it is, it\u2019s a pretty good system that doesn\u2019t reveal itself so easily.\u201d <em><br>\u2013 Man, Republican group, late 30s<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Those who experienced racial discrimination are more likely to say these institutions intentionally or negligently harm Black people. 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