{"id":171881,"date":"2024-06-15T13:03:51","date_gmt":"2024-06-15T17:03:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=171881"},"modified":"2025-05-06T16:50:11","modified_gmt":"2025-05-06T20:50:11","slug":"black-americans-mistrust-of-the-criminal-justice-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-criminal-justice-system\/","title":{"rendered":"2. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of the criminal justice system\u00a0\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-callout has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"editorial-note-to-readers\"><strong>Editorial note to readers<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.4\">A version of this study was originally published on June 10. We previously used the term \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-and-u-s-institutions-methodology\/#note\">racial conspiracy theories<\/a>\u201d as an editorial shorthand to describe a complex and mixed set of findings.\u00a0By using these words, our reporting distorted rather than clarified the point of the study.\u00a0Changes to this version include: an updated headline, new &#8220;explainer&#8221; paragraphs, some additional context and direct quotes from focus group participants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.4\">Claudia Deane, Mark Hugo Lopez and Neha Sahgal contributed to the revision of this report.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Views about the intentions of the U.S. criminal justice system have their roots in key events in the 20th century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/tpt\/slavery-by-another-name\/themes\/chain-gangs\/\">convict-leasing and chain gang systems<\/a> of the early 1900s, Black men were forced to build roads, bridges and ditches as part of their incarceration. This new infrastructure improved the business prospects of rural planters throughout the South.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And in the 1990s, the CIA released a report about its role in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/pages\/frontline\/shows\/drugs\/special\/cia.html\">inner-city cocaine epidemic<\/a> of the 1980s and early \u201990s. While the agency denied that it was directly involved, it admitted that addressing drug activity in their Central American operations was not among its priorities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These events provide some context for Black Americans\u2019 beliefs about the intentions of the nation\u2019s criminal justice system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;black-americans-believe-the-criminal-justice-system-was-designed-to-hold-them-back&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"black-americans-believe-the-criminal-justice-system-was-designed-to-hold-them-back\">Black Americans believe the criminal justice system was designed to hold them back<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=171928\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e8ebe9\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"840\" height=\"1436\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_2-01.png?resize=480,821 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_2-01.png?resize=782,1337 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_2-01.png?resize=840,1436 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_2-01.png\" alt=\"A bar chart showing that Black Democrats more likely than Republicans to say the criminal justice system holds Black people back\" class=\"wp-image-171928 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e8ebe9; width:420px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About three-quarters (74%) of Black adults say the prison system was designed to hold Black people back a great deal or a fair amount. Similar shares say the same about the courts and judicial process (70%) and policing (68%). While many Black adults say the criminal justice system was designed to hold Black people back, there are some group differences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>By discrimination experience and ethnicity<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Racial discrimination continues to be a significant factor in how Black Americans assess their progress, or lack of it. Those who have experienced racial discrimination are more likely than those who haven\u2019t to say the prison system (79% vs. 62%), judicial process (74% vs. 61%) and policing (73% vs. 55%) each was designed to hold Black people back.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When it comes to ethnicity, the majority of non-Hispanic (75%) and multiracial (72%) Black adults say the prison system and the judicial process were designed to hold Black people back. Fewer Hispanic Black adults say the same (60%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>By education, family income and party<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Black Americans\u2019 views also differ by education. About three-quarters or more of Black adults who have been to college, regardless of their degree status, say the prison system, the judicial process and policing were designed to hold Black people back. Those with a high school diploma or less education are less likely to agree. Likewise, Black adults with high family incomes are more likely than those with lower family incomes to say the same about prisons and policing.[2.numoffset=&#8221;2&#8243; The middle-income range for the American Trends Panel is about $47,800 to $143,400 annually for an average family of three. Lower-income families have adjusted incomes less than $47,800 and upper-income families have adjusted incomes greater than $143,400. All figures are expressed in 2022 dollars.]  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Political affiliation also plays a role in what Black adults believe about the criminal justice system. Black Democrats are more likely than Black Republicans, including those who lean to each party, to say the prison system (78% vs. 59%), judicial process (74% vs. 55%) and policing (72% vs. 54%) were intentionally designed to hold Black people back, though majorities of both groups say the systems were designed this way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;black-adults-and-mistrust-about-policing-and-prisons&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"black-adults-and-mistrust-about-policing-and-prisons\">Black adults and mistrust about policing and prisons&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=171929\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ebeeed\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"840\" height=\"972\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_2-02.png?resize=480,555 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_2-02.png?resize=782,905 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_2-02.png?resize=840,972 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_2-02.png\" alt=\"A bar chart showing that most Black Americans mistrust the criminal justice system\" class=\"wp-image-171929 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ebeeed; width:420px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to believing the criminal justice system was designed to hold Black people back, most Black Americans mistrust the criminal justice system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some 83% of Black adults say they have heard of the idea that police do very little to prevent guns and drugs from flooding Black communities. And 82% have heard the idea that Black people are incarcerated more than White people to create profit for prisons. Only about 15% of Black Americans say they are unfamiliar with these narratives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"beliefs-about-policing-in-black-communities\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Beliefs about policing in Black communities<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About three-quarters of Black adults say the police\u2019s failure to prevent the flow of guns and drugs in Black communities is something that happens today (76%). By comparison, 10% say this happened in the past but no longer happens today, and 8% say this has never happened.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>By discrimination experience and community type<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Black adults who have experienced racial discrimination (80%) are more likely than those who haven\u2019t (68%) to say the failure of police to prevent the flow of guns and drugs is something that happens today. And Black adults who live in urban areas (80%) are slightly more likely than those in suburbs (76%) or rural areas (72%) to say this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>By education and party<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Black adults also differ on this question by education and political party. Those with a bachelor\u2019s degree (78%) are more likely than those with a high school diploma or less (72%) to say that police are failing to prevent the flow of guns and drugs into Black communities. A larger share of Black Democrats (79%) believe this than among Black Republicans (66%), though majorities of both groups say this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"beliefs-about-prisons-and-profits\">Beliefs about prisons and profits<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=171930\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eaeceb\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"840\" height=\"996\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_2-03.png?resize=480,569 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_2-03.png?resize=782,927 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_2-03.png?resize=840,996 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_2-03.png\" alt=\"A bar chart showing that About 3 in 4 Black adults say Black people are disproportionately jailed to make money for prisons\" class=\"wp-image-171930 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eaeceb; width:420px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About three-in-four Black adults (74%) say that Black people are being incarcerated more than White people so that prisons can make profits off them. Smaller shares say this happened in the past but no longer happens today (11%) or say this has never happened (8%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Black adults who have experienced discrimination and those who are Democrats are more likely than their counterparts to say Black people are used for profit in the prison industry today.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Editorial note to readers A version of this study was originally published on June 10. We previously used the term \u201cracial conspiracy theories\u201d as an editorial shorthand to describe a complex and mixed set of findings.\u00a0By using these words, our reporting distorted rather than clarified the point of the study.\u00a0Changes to this version include: an [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":377,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[149,111,141,77],"tags":[],"bylines":[796],"collection":[],"datasets":[2735],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[523],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-171881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-black-americans","category-criminal-justice","category-racial-bias-discrimination","category-trust-in-government","bylines-kiana-cox","datasets-american-trends-panel-wave-134","formats-report","research-teams-race-and-ethnicity"],"label":false,"post_parent":171871,"word_count":911,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-criminal-justice-system\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":171911,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"(Illustration by JDawnInk via Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":171911,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"(Illustration by JDawnInk via Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":171911,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"caption":"(Illustration by JDawnInk via Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":171911,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"(Illustration by JDawnInk via Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":171911,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"caption":"(Illustration by JDawnInk via Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"social":{"id":171911,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_black-americans-and-institutions_featured.png?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"caption":"(Illustration by JDawnInk via Getty Images)","chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":171871,"title":"Most Black Americans Believe U.S. Institutions Were Designed To Hold Black People Back","slug":"most-black-americans-believe-u-s-institutions-were-designed-to-hold-black-people-back","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/most-black-americans-believe-u-s-institutions-were-designed-to-hold-black-people-back\/","is_active":false},{"id":171875,"title":"1. Racial discrimination shapes how Black Americans view their progress and U.S. institutions","slug":"racial-discrimination-shapes-how-black-americans-view-their-progress-and-u-s-institutions-2","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/racial-discrimination-shapes-how-black-americans-view-their-progress-and-u-s-institutions-2\/","is_active":false},{"id":171881,"title":"2. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of the criminal justice system\u00a0\u00a0","slug":"black-americans-mistrust-of-the-criminal-justice-system","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-criminal-justice-system\/","is_active":true},{"id":171884,"title":"3. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of the U.S. political system\u00a0\u00a0","slug":"black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-political-system","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-political-system\/","is_active":false},{"id":171887,"title":"4. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of the U.S. economic system and big businesses","slug":"black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-economic-system-and-big-businesses","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-economic-system-and-big-businesses\/","is_active":false},{"id":171890,"title":"5. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of the U.S. news media\u00a0","slug":"black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-news-media","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-news-media\/","is_active":false},{"id":171893,"title":"6. Black Americans and mistrust of the U.S. health care system and medical research","slug":"black-americans-and-mistrust-of-the-u-s-health-care-system-and-medical-research","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-and-mistrust-of-the-u-s-health-care-system-and-medical-research\/","is_active":false},{"id":171896,"title":"7. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of U.S. government policies on family and reproductive health","slug":"black-americans-mistrust-of-u-s-government-policies-on-family-and-reproductive-health","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-u-s-government-policies-on-family-and-reproductive-health\/","is_active":false},{"id":171899,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"black-americans-and-u-s-institutions-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-and-u-s-institutions-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":171909,"title":"Methodology","slug":"black-americans-and-u-s-institutions-methodology","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-and-u-s-institutions-methodology\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_aeqrj0fzc","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_Black-Americans-and-US-Institutions_REPORT.pdf","label":"Report PDF","icon":"","attachmentId":171963},{"key":"_1ztq3o1jk","type":"topline","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/RE_2024.06.15_Black-Americans-and-US-Institutions_TOPLINE.pdf","label":"Topline","icon":"","attachmentId":171964},{"type":"dataset","id":2735,"label":"American Trends Panel Wave 134","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/dataset\/american-trends-panel-wave-134\/"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":171881,"title":"2. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of the criminal justice system\u00a0\u00a0","slug":"black-americans-mistrust-of-the-criminal-justice-system","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-criminal-justice-system\/","is_active":true,"page_num":3},"next_post":{"id":171884,"title":"3. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of the U.S. political system\u00a0\u00a0","slug":"black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-political-system","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-political-system\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},"previous_post":{"id":171875,"title":"1. Racial discrimination shapes how Black Americans view their progress and U.S. institutions","slug":"racial-discrimination-shapes-how-black-americans-view-their-progress-and-u-s-institutions-2","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/racial-discrimination-shapes-how-black-americans-view-their-progress-and-u-s-institutions-2\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},"pagination_items":[{"id":171871,"title":"Most Black Americans Believe U.S. Institutions Were Designed To Hold Black People Back","slug":"most-black-americans-believe-u-s-institutions-were-designed-to-hold-black-people-back","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/most-black-americans-believe-u-s-institutions-were-designed-to-hold-black-people-back\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},{"id":171875,"title":"1. Racial discrimination shapes how Black Americans view their progress and U.S. institutions","slug":"racial-discrimination-shapes-how-black-americans-view-their-progress-and-u-s-institutions-2","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/racial-discrimination-shapes-how-black-americans-view-their-progress-and-u-s-institutions-2\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":171881,"title":"2. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of the criminal justice system\u00a0\u00a0","slug":"black-americans-mistrust-of-the-criminal-justice-system","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-criminal-justice-system\/","is_active":true,"page_num":3},{"id":171884,"title":"3. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of the U.S. political system\u00a0\u00a0","slug":"black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-political-system","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-political-system\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":171887,"title":"4. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of the U.S. economic system and big businesses","slug":"black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-economic-system-and-big-businesses","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-economic-system-and-big-businesses\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":171890,"title":"5. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of the U.S. news media\u00a0","slug":"black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-news-media","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-the-u-s-news-media\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},{"id":171893,"title":"6. Black Americans and mistrust of the U.S. health care system and medical research","slug":"black-americans-and-mistrust-of-the-u-s-health-care-system-and-medical-research","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-and-mistrust-of-the-u-s-health-care-system-and-medical-research\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},{"id":171896,"title":"7. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of U.S. government policies on family and reproductive health","slug":"black-americans-mistrust-of-u-s-government-policies-on-family-and-reproductive-health","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-mistrust-of-u-s-government-policies-on-family-and-reproductive-health\/","is_active":false,"page_num":8},{"id":171899,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"black-americans-and-u-s-institutions-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-and-u-s-institutions-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":9},{"id":171909,"title":"Methodology","slug":"black-americans-and-u-s-institutions-methodology","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-and-u-s-institutions-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":10}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"Most Black Americans Believe U.S. Institutions Were Designed To Hold Black People Back","parent_id":171871},"materialsOrdered":[],"chaptersOrdered":[],"partsOrdered":[],"partsEnabled":false,"datacite_doi":"","prc_seo_data":{"title":"Black Americans' mistrust of the criminal justice system","description":"About 7 in 10 Black adults say prisons, policing and the court system were designed to hold Black people back.","og_title":"2. Black Americans\u2019 mistrust of the criminal justice system\u00a0\u00a0","og_description":"","schema_type":"Article","noindex":false,"canonical_url":"","primary_terms":{"category":149,"formats":458,"research-teams":523},"custom_schema":[],"og_image":171911,"indexnow_submitted_at":null,"gsc_index_status":null},"prepublish_checks":{"prc-image-alt-text":{"status":"complete","message":"All images have alt text.","data":null},"prc-about-this-research":{"status":"incomplete","message":"Add an \"About this research\" details block.","data":null},"prc-paragraph-count":{"status":"complete","message":"Found 22 paragraphs.","data":{"count":22}},"prc-internal-link":{"status":"complete","message":"Found 4 internal links.","data":{"count":4}}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"relatedPostsOrdered":[],"bylinesOrdered":[],"acknowledgementsOrdered":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/171881","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/377"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=171881"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/171881\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":231489,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/171881\/revisions\/231489"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=171881"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"bylines","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bylines?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"collection","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/collection?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"datasets","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/datasets?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"level_of_effort","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/level_of_effort?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"primary_audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/primary_audience?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"information_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/information_type?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"_post_visibility","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/_post_visibility?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"formats","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/formats?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"_fund_pool","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/_fund_pool?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"languages","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/languages?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"regions-countries","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/regions-countries?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"research-teams","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-teams?post=171881"},{"taxonomy":"workflow-status","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/workflow-status?post=171881"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}