{"id":24085,"date":"2024-03-21T11:57:08","date_gmt":"2024-03-21T16:57:08","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-07-20T23:20:26","modified_gmt":"2025-07-21T03:20:26","slug":"majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/","title":{"rendered":"Majority in U.S. Say Israel Has Valid Reasons for Fighting; Fewer Say the Same About Hamas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><img data-dominant-color=\"887c77\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #887c77;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png?resize=480,270 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png?resize=782,440 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png?resize=960,540 960w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png?resize=1280,720 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"360\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png?w=640\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-31794 not-transparent\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Activists supporting Israel counter-demonstrate a pro-Palestinian rally on Oct. 13, 2023, in New York City. (Stephanie Keith\/Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center conducted this survey to explore views about the Israel-Hamas war. We surveyed a total of 12,693 U.S. adults from Feb. 13 to 25, 2024. Most of the respondents (10,642) are members of Pew Research Center\u2019s American Trends Panel, an online survey panel recruited through national random sampling of residential addresses, which gives nearly all U.S. adults a chance of selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The remaining 2,051 respondents are members of three other survey panels \u2013 Ipsos\u2019 KnowledgePanel, SSRS\u2019s Opinion Panel, and NORC at the University of Chicago\u2019s AmeriSpeak Panel \u2013 who were interviewed because they identify as Jewish or Muslim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We \u201coversampled\u201d (i.e., interviewed a disproportionately large number of) Jews and Muslims to provide more reliable estimates of their views on the topics covered in this survey. But these groups are <em>not<\/em> overrepresented in the national estimates reported here, because we adjusted for the oversampling in the weighting of the data. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education, religious affiliation and other categories. In total, 1,941 Jewish and 414 Muslim respondents participated in this survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the sample design was identical for Jews and Muslims, the resulting sample sizes are different. There are two main reasons for this. The <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/05\/11\/the-size-of-the-u-s-jewish-population\/\">Jewish population<\/a> in the United States is roughly double the size of the <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/09\/01\/muslims-are-a-growing-presence-in-u-s-but-still-face-negative-views-from-the-public\/\">Muslim population<\/a>. Consequently, national survey panels have roughly twice as many or more Jewish panelists as Muslim ones. In addition, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wiley.com\/en-dk\/Survey+Nonresponse-p-9780471396277\">decades of research on survey nonresponse<\/a> has shown that some groups in the U.S. are more likely to participate in surveys than others. Generally speaking, Jewish adults are more likely to participate in surveys than Muslim adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey also included questions about where people were born and whether people identify as Arab or of Arab origin. Because of insufficient sample size,&nbsp;we are unable to analyze Arab Americans or Americans of Israeli or Palestinian descent separately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this survey, Jews and Muslims are defined as U.S. adults who answer a question about their current religion by saying they are Jewish or Muslim, respectively. Unlike our <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/05\/11\/jewish-americans-in-2020\/\">2020 report on Jews in America<\/a>, this report does not separately analyze the views of \u201cJews of no religion\u201d (i.e., people who identify as Jewish culturally, ethnically or by family background but <em>not<\/em> by religion).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For more information on how we conducted this survey, refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/our-methods\/u-s-surveys\/the-american-trends-panel\/\">ATP\u2019s Methodology<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/israel-hamas-methodology\/\">Methodology<\/a> for this report. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_TOPLINE.pdf\">questions used in this report<\/a>, along with responses.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Months into the Israel-Hamas war, roughly six-in-ten Americans (58%) say Israel\u2019s reasons for fighting Hamas are valid. But how Israel is carrying out its response to Hamas\u2019 Oct. 7 attack receives a more mixed evaluation. About four-in-ten U.S. adults (38%) say Israel\u2019s conduct of the war has been acceptable, and 34% say it has been unacceptable. The remaining 26% are unsure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/prc_2024-3-21_israel-hamas_00-01-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31721\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ecebe8\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ecebe8;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-01.png?resize=480,609 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-01.png?resize=782,992 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-01.png?resize=840,1066 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"533\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-01.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows Americans\u2019 views of why, how Israel and Hamas are\nfighting\" class=\"wp-image-31721 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Only around one-in-five Americans (22%) think the way the Israeli government is carrying out the war against Hamas will make the Israeli people more secure than they were before the war. The rest think the war will make Israelis less secure (27%), not have much effect (15%) or say they are unsure (35%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When asked about Hamas\u2019 reasons for fighting Israel, far fewer Americans (22%) describe them as valid. And just 5% of U.S. adults say the way Hamas carried out its Oct. 7 attack on Israel was acceptable, while 66% describe it as <em>completely<\/em> unacceptable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also, few Americans (10%) think Hamas\u2019 actions will make the creation of an independent Palestinian state more likely than it was before the war. Around a third of the U.S. public thinks it will make an independent state less likely (32%) while 15% say it will not have much effect and 41% are unsure. <\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-these-questions-were-worded\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-these-questions-were-worded&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How these questions were worded<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some questions in this survey ask Americans for opinions on&nbsp;<em>how<\/em>&nbsp;Israel and Hamas have been fighting. Other questions ask for opinions on&nbsp;<em>why<\/em> each side has been fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After pretesting the questions, here is the exact wording we settled on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>How they are fighting<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Do you think the way <strong>Hamas<\/strong> carried out its attack on Israel on Oct. 7 was \u2026 Completely acceptable, Somewhat acceptable, Somewhat unacceptable, Completely unacceptable, Not sure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do you think the way <strong>Israel<\/strong> is carrying out its response to Hamas\u2019 Oct. 7 attack is \u2026 Completely acceptable, Somewhat acceptable, Somewhat unacceptable, Completely unacceptable, Not sure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Why they are fighting<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Regardless of how acceptable you find the way Hamas carried out the Oct. 7 attack, do you think <strong>Hamas\u2019 reasons<\/strong> for fighting Israel are \u2026 Completely valid, Somewhat valid, Not too valid, Not at all valid, Not sure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Regardless of how acceptable you find the way Israel is carrying out the war in Gaza, do you think <strong>Israel\u2019s reasons <\/strong>for fighting Hamas are \u2026 Completely valid, Somewhat valid, Not too valid, Not at all valid, Not sure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This issue is challenging for many people \u2013 both emotionally and in terms of understanding the specifics of the war. Many Americans are also disengaged: Relatively few (22%) say they are closely following news about the war, and half can correctly report that more Palestinians than Israelis have died since the war\u2019s start. On many questions about the war, sizable numbers express no opinion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These and other results come from a new Pew Research Center survey, conducted Feb. 13-25, among 12,693 adults. Unlike most polling in the United States since the war began, <strong>this survey includes enough Jewish and Muslim respondents to allow their views to be analyzed separately.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When it comes to how Jews and Muslims feel about why and how the two sides are fighting, we find:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"views-on-why-they-are-fighting\">Views on <em>why<\/em> they are fighting<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Regardless of whether they approve of how Israel is fighting the war, most U.S. Jews (89%) see Israel\u2019s reasons for going to war against Hamas as valid.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Only 18% of U.S. Muslims see Israel\u2019s reasons as valid.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Around half of Muslims (49%) say Hamas\u2019 reasons for fighting Israel are valid, regardless of how they feel about the acceptability of the Oct. 7 attack.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Among Jews, 16% see Hamas\u2019 reasons as valid \u2013 about the same share as in most other U.S. religious groups large enough to be analyzed separately.[1. Although only some religious subgroups are analyzed in this report, the survey included respondents of many other religious backgrounds, including members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (widely known as Mormons), Hindus and Buddhists. But there are&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/08\/08\/why-pew-research-center-typically-cant-report-the-views-of-smaller-u-s-religious-groups\/\">not enough respondents from these smaller groups<\/a>&nbsp;to report on their answers separately.] <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"views-on-how-they-are-fighting\">Views on <em>how<\/em> they are fighting<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>62% of U.S. Jews say the way Israel is carrying out its war in Gaza is acceptable; only 5% of American Muslims agree.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>While few people in any religious group describe Hamas\u2019 Oct. 7 attack as acceptable, the share of Muslims (21%) who express this view is higher than the share of Americans in other religious groups who say the same (roughly 5% or fewer, including 3% among Jewish Americans). Among U.S. Muslims, 10% say the way Hamas carried out the attack was <em>completely<\/em> acceptable; 11% say it was <em>somewhat<\/em> acceptable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/prc_2024-3-21_israel-hamas_00-02-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31727\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e2ddd2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e2ddd2;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-02.png?resize=480,376 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-02.png?resize=782,612 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-02.png?resize=960,752 960w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-02.png?resize=1200,939 1200w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-02.png?resize=1280,1002 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"501\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-02.png?w=640\" alt=\"Chart shows U.S. Jews and Muslims diverge in their evaluations of whether Israel and Hamas have valid reasons for fighting\" class=\"wp-image-31727 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"americans-emotional-reactions-to-the-war\">Americans\u2019 emotional reactions to the war<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the U.S., 62% of Jews and 53% of Muslims report that hearing or reading news about the Israel-Hamas war makes them afraid. In other religious and nonreligious groups, the share expressing fear is lower. Jews are also more likely than other U.S. religious groups to say news about the conflict makes them feel angry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">American Jews and Muslims are also paying more attention to the war than other groups analyzed, with 61% of Jews and 41% of Muslims saying they\u2019re following it <em>extremely<\/em> or <em>very<\/em> closely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/prc_2024-3-21_israel-hamas_00-03-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31733\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f7f6f5\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f7f6f5;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-03.png?resize=480,646 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-03.png?resize=782,1052 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-03.png?resize=840,1130 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"565\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-03.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows Emotional reactions to Israel-Hamas war among U.S.\nJews, Muslims, other religious groups\" class=\"wp-image-31733 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:2px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"Jewish-and-Muslim-respondents\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"jewish-and-muslim-respondents-in-this-survey\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;jewish-and-muslim-respondents-in-this-survey&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>Jewish and Muslim respondents in this survey<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center surveys conducted on our <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/our-methods\/u-s-surveys\/the-american-trends-panel\/\">American Trends Panel<\/a> (ATP) always include Jews and Muslims. But these surveys <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/08\/08\/why-pew-research-center-typically-cant-report-the-views-of-smaller-u-s-religious-groups\/\">do not always have enough Jewish or Muslim respondents<\/a> to report their answers separately. This is because they make up relatively small shares of the U.S. adult population: Roughly <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/05\/11\/the-size-of-the-u-s-jewish-population\/\">2% of Americans say their religion is Judaism<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/09\/01\/muslims-are-a-growing-presence-in-u-s-but-still-face-negative-views-from-the-public\/\">1% say their religion is Islam<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To provide more reliable estimates of Jewish and Muslim views on the topics covered in this survey, we included Jewish and Muslim respondents from three other national panels run by large research organizations (Ipsos, NORC and SSRS). All these panels are probability based, meaning they use random sampling methods to recruit respondents. They are not <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/methods\/2023\/09\/07\/comparing-two-types-of-online-survey-samples\/\">\u201copt-in\u201d polls<\/a>. In total, 1,941 Jewish and 414 Muslim respondents participated in this survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this report, Jews and Muslims are defined as U.S. adults who answer a question about their current religion by saying they are Jewish or Muslim, respectively. Unlike our <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/05\/11\/jewish-americans-in-2020\/\">2020 report on Jews in America<\/a>, this report does not analyze the views of \u201cJews of no religion\u201d (i.e., people who identify as Jewish culturally, ethnically or by family background but <em>not<\/em> by religion).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the sample design was identical for Jews and Muslims, the resulting sample sizes are different. There are two main reasons for this. The <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/05\/11\/jewish-americans-in-2020\/#:~:text=Pew%20Research%20Center%20estimates%20that,were%20Jews%20of%20no%20religion.\">Jewish population<\/a> in the U.S. is roughly double the size of the <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/09\/01\/muslims-are-a-growing-presence-in-u-s-but-still-face-negative-views-from-the-public\/\">Muslim population<\/a>. Consequently, national survey panels have roughly twice as many or more Jewish panelists as Muslim ones. In addition, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wiley.com\/en-dk\/Survey+Nonresponse-p-9780471396277\">decades of research on survey nonresponse<\/a> has shown that some groups in the U.S. are more likely to participate in surveys than others. Generally speaking, Jewish adults are more likely to participate in surveys than Muslim adults.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"views-of-how-why-the-war-is-being-fought-by-age\">Views of how, why the war is being fought, by age<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/prc_2024-3-21_israel-hamas_00-04-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31739\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ded9d2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ded9d2;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-04.png?resize=480,953 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-04.png?resize=782,1553 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-04.png?resize=840,1668 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"834\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-04.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows Young adults more critical of Israel\u2019s reasons for\nfighting \u2013 and less critical of Hamas\u2019 reasons \u2013 than\nare older Americans\" class=\"wp-image-31739 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are also stark differences across age groups in views of the war. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Roughly equal shares of adults under 30 say Hamas\u2019 reasons for fighting Israel are valid (34%) and not valid (30%); 35% are unsure. By comparison, most of those ages 65 and older say Hamas\u2019 reasons are not valid (64%).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Younger adults are significantly more critical of how Israel is fighting in the war than are older people: 21% of Americans ages 18 to 29 say the way Israel is carrying out its response to Hamas\u2019 Oct. 7 attack is acceptable; 46% describe it as unacceptable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Age differences also are evident in many other issues related to the war, which are explored in other chapters of this report. Some key findings include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/prc_2024-3-21_israel-hamas_00-05-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31745\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f3f2f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f3f2f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-05.png?resize=480,385 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-05.png?resize=782,627 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-05.png?resize=840,674 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"337\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-05.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows Wide age differences in views of the people and\nleadership on both sides of Israel-Hamas war\" class=\"wp-image-31745 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>More younger Americans express favorable views of the Palestinian people (60%) than of the Israeli people (46%). Relatively few have positive views of either the Israeli government (24%) or Hamas (14%). And, among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents under 30, the Israeli government (16%) and Hamas (18%) are held in equally low esteem. (Explore more in <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/views-of-the-israel-hamas-war\/\">Chapter 1<\/a>.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Younger adults are much less supportive of the U.S. providing military aid to Israel than are older people, but they\u2019re also somewhat less in favor of the U.S. providing humanitarian aid to Gaza or playing a major diplomatic role in resolving the conflict. (Explore more in <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/views-of-the-u-s-role-in-the-israel-hamas-war\/\">Chapter 2<\/a>.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Younger Americans are more likely than older adults to say the way the Israeli government is carrying out the war against Hamas will make the Israeli people less secure than they were before the war \u2013 though large shares across all age groups are unsure. (Explore more in <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/views-on-the-consequences-of-the-israel-hamas-war\/\">Chapter 3<\/a>.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As with other international news events, the Israel-Hamas war appears to be drawing less attention from younger adults than from older people. Just 14% of those under 50 say they are following the war extremely or very closely, roughly half the share among those over 50 (30%). Consistent with their lower levels of attention, younger Americans are also less likely to know key facts about the ongoing war, based on their responses to three knowledge questions included on the survey. (Explore more in <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/emotions-news-and-knowledge-about-the-israel-hamas-war\/\">Chapter 4<\/a>.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Related:<\/em><\/strong><em> <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/02\/16\/how-americans-view-the-conflicts-between-russia-and-ukraine-israel-and-hamas-and-china-and-taiwan\/\"><em>How Americans view the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, Israel and Hamas, and China and Taiwan<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;where-americans-sympathies-lie&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"where-americans-sympathies-lie\">Where Americans\u2019 sympathies lie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/prc_2024-3-21_israel-hamas_00-06-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31748\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0eeea\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0eeea;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-06.png?resize=480,1250 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-06.png?resize=620,1614 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"807\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-06.png?w=310\" alt=\"Chart shows Most Americans sympathize at least somewhat with Israelis, Palestinians\" class=\"wp-image-31748 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Few Americans say they sympathize <em>entirely<\/em> with either the Israeli people (11%) or the Palestinian people (5%). Rather, 57% sympathize at least to some extent with both Israelis and Palestinians, including 26% who say their sympathies lie <em>equally<\/em> with both groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A much smaller share of U.S. adults (8%) say they do not sympathize with either group, while 18% are unsure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To the degree that Americans sympathize more with one group than the other, 31% say their sympathies lie either entirely or mostly with the Israeli people. This is about twice as many as say their sympathies lie either entirely or mostly with the Palestinian people (16%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By a margin of more than 2-1, adults under 30 sympathize relatively more with Palestinians than with Israelis (33% vs. 14%), while the balance of opinion is reversed among older age groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Much of this is related to young Democrats and Democratic leaners, 47% of whom sympathize either mostly or entirely with Palestinians. Young Republicans and GOP leaners, on the other hand, are slightly more likely to sympathize either entirely or mostly with Israel (28%), or with both sides equally (24%), than entirely or mostly with Palestinians (12%). Substantial shares of both young Democrats (19%) and young Republicans (24%) say they are unsure where their sympathies lie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;views-of-the-people-and-leadership-in-the-war&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"views-of-the-people-and-leadership-in-the-war\">Views of the people and leadership in the war<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Americans tend to express much more favorable views of the <em>people<\/em> on both sides of the Israel-Hamas war than of the leadership on either side (the Israeli government, the Palestinian Authority and Hamas).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/prc_2024-3-21_israel-hamas_00-07-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31756\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ebe9e6\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ebe9e6;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-07.png?resize=480,536 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-07.png?resize=782,873 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-07.png?resize=840,938 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"469\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-07.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows Americans see the Israeli, Palestinian people more\npositively than the Israeli government, Palestinian\nAuthority or Hamas\" class=\"wp-image-31756 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, 64% of U.S. adults say they have a favorable view of the Israeli people, compared with 41% who express a favorable view of the Israeli government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same is true of views of the Palestinian people (50% favorable) compared with either <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/who-governs-palestinians\">the Palestinian Authority, which controls the West Bank<\/a> (23% favorable), and especially relative to Hamas, which has controlled Gaza in recent years (8% favorable). Indeed, six-in-ten Americans express <em>very <\/em>unfavorable views of Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Views of the Israeli government have become more negative since 2022. Today, 41% of U.S. adults express a favorable view of the Israeli government, down from 47%. The share who express <em>very<\/em> unfavorable views of the government also has nearly doubled over this time period, from 12% to 21%. (We do not have data on how views of the Palestinian Authority or Hamas have changed over time.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among adults under 30, the share expressing a favorable view of the Israeli people has fallen 17 percentage points since 2019, while their views of the Palestinian people have not shifted over this timespan. Older people\u2019s views of both Israelis and Palestinians have remained largely unchanged.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"why-this-report-uses-the-term-israel-hamas-war\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;why-this-report-uses-the-term-israel-hamas-war&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>Why this report uses the term \u2018Israel-Hamas war\u2019<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How to describe the current war, both for the respondents taking the survey and when writing up the results, is not a choice we made lightly.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First, we <strong>consulted<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apstylebook.com\/topical_most_recent\"><em>The Associated Press Stylebook<\/em><\/a>, a resource we often follow. According to the AP Stylebook, \u201cThe Associated Press is calling the present conflict between Israel and the militant Palestinian group Hamas a war &#8230; Do not use terms such as Israel-Palestinian war or Gaza war.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Second, we <strong>consulted with outside experts<\/strong> who recommended we avoid terminology suggesting that Israeli forces are fighting <em>only<\/em> <em>in Gaza<\/em> when, in reality, they are also active on other fronts, <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/israel-hamas-war-news-01-02-2024-08e0eeee96bfc559a2390c60c7db351b\">including against Hezbollah in Lebanon<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Third, we <strong>conducted pretests<\/strong> with 17 respondents and asked them, \u201cDo you have thoughts on using the phrase \u2018Israel-Gaza war\u2019 instead of \u2018Israel-Hamas war\u2019?\u201d While around half did not have an opinion, among those who did, several felt \u201cIsrael-Hamas war\u201d was more accurate. For example, one respondent said, \u201cIt should be the Israel-Hamas war because it\u2019s not a Gaza thing, it\u2019s Hamas versus Israel. They started it.\u201d Another noted, \u201cI don\u2019t agree with saying Israel-Gaza war. It\u2019s Israel-Hamas. That\u2019s who they are going after.\u201d Still, two respondents said the opposite. One said, \u201cIt\u2019s more Israel-Gaza than Israel-Hamas [because] it\u2019s not really Jews against Palestinians, so we should focus on a country and that region.\u201d Another said, \u201cGaza sounds bigger than the Hamas part does.\u201d All 17 respondents said the questions we asked seemed neutral, rather than appearing to favor a particular side in the ongoing war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After completing the survey, the 12,693 respondents who took it were also asked whether they found the survey to be politically neutral, and 92% did, including large majorities of Muslims and Jews.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;what-role-do-americans-think-the-u-s-should-play&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-role-do-americans-think-the-u-s-should-play\">What role do Americans think the U.S. should play?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Americans are divided about how \u2013 and whether \u2013 the U.S. should be involved in the Israel-Hamas war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>More than twice as many Americans favor providing humanitarian aid to Gaza as oppose it<\/strong> (50% vs. 19%). About three-in-ten say they either have no clear preference or are not sure. (This question was asked before the <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/israel-hamas-gaza-airdrop-humanitarian-assistance-f8bc071193f89906abf21478bc70a084\">United States began airdropping food and other supplies in Gaza<\/a> and announced plans to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/will-bidens-temporary-port-plan-stop-famine-in-gaza\/ar-BB1jyGlg\">build a temporary port to allow aid to arrive by sea<\/a>.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Providing military support to Israel is much more divisive:<\/strong> 36% of Americans favor providing U.S. military aid to help Israel in its war against Hamas, while 34% oppose it. The remainder say they neither favor nor oppose military aid (14%) or are not sure (15%).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Only 20% of Americans want the U.S. to play a major diplomatic role in resolving the Israel-Hamas war. <\/strong>Another 35% want the U.S. to play a minor role, while 27% prefer that it play no role at all.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents differ sharply from Republicans and Republican-leaning independents in their attitudes toward U.S. involvement in the war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/prc_2024-3-21_israel-hamas_00-08-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31763\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eae8e1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eae8e1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-08.png?resize=480,381 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-08.png?resize=782,620 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-08.png?resize=840,666 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"333\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-08.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows Americans more supportive of humanitarian aid to\nGaza than military aid to Israel\" class=\"wp-image-31763 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Democrats are much more supportive than Republicans of providing humanitarian aid in Gaza (66% vs. 35%) and of the U.S. playing a <em>major <\/em>diplomatic role in resolving the war (25% vs. 16%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Indeed, Republicans are twice as likely to say the U.S. should play <em>no<\/em> role (32%) as they are to say the U.S. should play a major role (16%) in solving the conflict; 37% support the U.S. playing a minor role. However, Republicans are twice as likely as Democrats to favor providing military aid to Israel to help in its war against Hamas (50% vs. 25%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;do-americans-think-biden-is-striking-the-right-balance&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"do-americans-think-biden-is-striking-the-right-balance\">Do Americans think Biden is striking the right balance?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/prc_2024-3-21_israel-hamas_00-09-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31766\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e4dfd6\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e4dfd6;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-09.png?resize=480,735 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-09.png?resize=620,950 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"475\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-09.png?w=310\" alt=\"Chart shows Americans are divided \u2013 and many are\nuncertain \u2013 whether Biden is striking\nthe right balance in Israel-Hamas war\" class=\"wp-image-31766 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U.S. public opinion is deeply divided \u2013 and to a large extent uncertain \u2013 about whether President Joe Biden is striking the right balance in his approach to the war (21%), favoring the Israelis too much (22%) or favoring the Palestinians too much (16%). The largest single slice of the public \u201340% \u2013 is not sure how well Biden is handling the issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While these views are broadly similar to what we found in a <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2023\/12\/08\/the-biden-administrations-response-to-the-war-between-israel-and-hamas\/#is-biden-favoring-israelis-palestinians-or-striking-the-right-balance\">December 2023 Pew Research Center survey<\/a>, opinion among those under 30 has shifted. <strong>In the February survey, 36% of those ages 18 to 29 say Biden is favoring Israel too much, up from 27% just a few months ago. <\/strong>(Explore this further in <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/views-of-the-u-s-role-in-the-israel-hamas-war\/\">Chapter 2<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>American Jews stand out for the relatively high share who say Biden is striking the right balance (45%).<\/strong> Only around a quarter or fewer in most other religious groups say the same, including just 6% of U.S. Muslims. <strong>Muslims are among the U.S. religious groups that are most inclined to say Biden favors the Israelis too much (60%).<\/strong> Among other religious and nonreligious groups, atheists (52%) and agnostics (43%) are especially likely to express this view.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;what-s-next-americans-views-on-a-long-term-resolution-to-the-war&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-s-next-americans-views-on-a-long-term-resolution-to-the-war\">What\u2019s next? Americans\u2019 views on a long-term resolution to the war<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-200-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/prc_2024-3-21_israel-hamas_00-010-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31776\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eae9ea\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eae9ea;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-010.png?resize=400,1580 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"790\" width=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_00-010.png?w=200\" alt=\"Chart shows Few Americans expect\nlasting peace between\nIsraelis, Palestinians\" class=\"wp-image-31776 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the few opinions a solid majority of Americans can agree on when it comes to the Israel-Hamas war is that lasting peace is unlikely. Only 3% say it is either extremely or very likely, while 9% say it\u2019s somewhat likely. <strong>Fully<\/strong> <strong>68% say a lasting peace between Israelis and Palestinians is either not too or not at all likely.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Opinion is somewhat more mixed when it comes to the best possible outcome of the conflict. <strong>A plurality (40%) says the best outcome would be a two-state solution <\/strong>\u2013 splitting the land into two countries, one with an Israeli government and one with a Palestinian government. But many Americans remain unsure of the best outcome (30%), and some prefer a model in which all the land is one country with an Israeli government (14%) or one country that is jointly governed by Israelis and Palestinians (13%). Few prefer the land to be one country with a Palestinian government (2%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Jewish Americans (46%) and Muslim Americans (41%) also tend to think a two-state solution is the best possible outcome,<\/strong> but about one-in-five people in each group support a one-state option. Among Jews, 22% would prefer for all the land to be one country with an Israeli government. Among Muslims, 20% would like all the land to be under a Palestinian government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Overall, Americans\u2019 support for a two-state solution has <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/05\/26\/modest-warming-in-u-s-views-on-israel-and-palestinians\/\">increased modestly since 2022<\/a>, from 35% to 40%. Much of the shift has come among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents. Today, 48% of Democrats favor a two-state solution, up from 36% in 2022. Indeed, this shift has opened up a partisan gap in views of the two-state solution that was not present in 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among Republicans, the two-state solution is endorsed by 33%, while 26% think the best outcome would be for a single country, with an Israeli government, to control all the land. (Explore this further in <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/views-on-the-consequences-of-the-israel-hamas-war\/\">Chapter 3<\/a>.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>57% of Americans express some sympathy with both Israelis and Palestinians, including 26% who say their sympathies lie equally with both groups.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":581,"featured_media":31794,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"57% express some sympathy for both Israelis and Palestinians","sub_title":"57% express some sympathy for both Israelis and Palestinians","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"apple_news_api_id":"","apple_news_api_revision":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"","apple_news_api_modified_at":"","apple_news_api_share_url":"","apple_news_api_pending":"","apple_news_is_preview":false,"apple_news_is_hidden":false,"relatedPosts":[{"key":"_ud8ygfl8n","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/11\/06\/comparing-views-of-the-us-and-china-in-24-countries\/","postId":444299,"title":"Comparing Views of the U.S. and China in 24 Countries","date":"2023-11-06T10:55:35","label":"Feature"},{"key":"_q73ljh6b4","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/08\/29\/views-of-india-lean-positive-across-23-countries\/","postId":433789,"title":"Views of India Lean Positive Across 23 Countries","date":"2023-08-29T09:54:01","label":"Report"},{"key":"_tzckv1b6g","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/02\/16\/how-americans-view-the-conflicts-between-russia-and-ukraine-israel-and-hamas-and-china-and-taiwan\/","postId":451735,"title":"How Americans view the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, Israel and Hamas, and China and Taiwan","date":"2024-02-16T09:59:11","label":"Short Reads"},{"key":"_8itvk61ab","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/06\/27\/international-views-of-biden-and-u-s-largely-positive\/","postId":431570,"title":"International Views of Biden and U.S. Largely Positive","date":"2023-06-27T09:55:55","label":"Report"},{"key":"_vdqbk86eo","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2023\/12\/08\/americans-views-of-the-israel-hamas-war\/","postId":445681,"title":"Americans&#8217; Views of the Israel-Hamas War","date":"2023-12-08T09:56:03","label":"Report"}],"reportMaterials":[{"key":"_wk3a4dyhj","type":"topline","attachmentId":31780,"url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_TOPLINE.pdf"},{"key":"_9nfk5h3by","type":"report","attachmentId":31783,"url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_REPORT.pdf"}],"multiSectionReport":[{"key":"_0l9f6au8g","postId":24077},{"key":"_7gu9x5pf2","postId":24106},{"key":"_y7dydf8l2","postId":24115},{"key":"_7qri0iv26","postId":24124},{"key":"_m77v8x0um","postId":24142},{"key":"_1x4bjcj76","postId":24133}],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[96,189,188,417,38,98,428],"tags":[],"bylines":[975,922,591,954,967],"collection":[],"datasets":[2774],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[514,497,510,505,515],"research-teams":[525,522,520,517],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-24085","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-defense-national-security","category-islam","category-judaism","category-partisanship-issues","category-political-issues","category-war-international-conflict-1","category-war-international-conflict-2","bylines-becka-alper","bylines-besheer-mohamed","bylines-jordan-lippert","bylines-laura-silver","bylines-scott-keeter","datasets-american-trends-panel-wave-143","formats-report","regions-countries-international","regions-countries-israel","regions-countries-middle-east-north-africa","regions-countries-multiple-regions-worldwide","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-global","research-teams-pew-research-center","research-teams-politics","research-teams-religion"],"label":false,"post_parent":0,"word_count":3439,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":31794,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":31794,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":31794,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":31794,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":31794,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"social":{"id":31794,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PG_24.03.00_IsraelHamas_Feature.png?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"caption":"","chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":24085,"title":"Majority in U.S. Say Israel Has Valid Reasons for Fighting; Fewer Say the Same About Hamas","slug":"majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/","is_active":true},{"id":24077,"title":"1. Views of the Israel-Hamas war","slug":"views-of-the-israel-hamas-war","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/views-of-the-israel-hamas-war\/","is_active":false},{"id":24106,"title":"2. Views of the U.S. role in the Israel-Hamas war","slug":"views-of-the-u-s-role-in-the-israel-hamas-war","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/views-of-the-u-s-role-in-the-israel-hamas-war\/","is_active":false},{"id":24115,"title":"3. Views on the consequences of the Israel-Hamas war","slug":"views-on-the-consequences-of-the-israel-hamas-war","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/views-on-the-consequences-of-the-israel-hamas-war\/","is_active":false},{"id":24124,"title":"4. Emotions, news and knowledge about the Israel-Hamas war","slug":"emotions-news-and-knowledge-about-the-israel-hamas-war","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/emotions-news-and-knowledge-about-the-israel-hamas-war\/","is_active":false},{"id":24142,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"israel-hamas-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/israel-hamas-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":24133,"title":"Methodology","slug":"israel-hamas-methodology","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/israel-hamas-methodology\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_wk3a4dyhj","type":"topline","attachmentId":31780,"url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_TOPLINE.pdf","label":"","icon":""},{"key":"_9nfk5h3by","type":"report","attachmentId":31783,"url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PRC_2024.3.21_Israel-Hamas_REPORT.pdf","label":"","icon":""},{"type":"dataset","id":2774,"label":"American Trends Panel Wave 143","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/dataset\/american-trends-panel-wave-143\/"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":24085,"title":"Majority in U.S. Say Israel Has Valid Reasons for Fighting; Fewer Say the Same About Hamas","slug":"majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/","is_active":true,"page_num":1},"next_post":{"id":24077,"title":"1. Views of the Israel-Hamas war","slug":"views-of-the-israel-hamas-war","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/views-of-the-israel-hamas-war\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},"previous_post":null,"pagination_items":[{"id":24085,"title":"Majority in U.S. Say Israel Has Valid Reasons for Fighting; Fewer Say the Same About Hamas","slug":"majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/majority-in-u-s-say-israel-has-valid-reasons-for-fighting-fewer-say-the-same-about-hamas\/","is_active":true,"page_num":1},{"id":24077,"title":"1. Views of the Israel-Hamas war","slug":"views-of-the-israel-hamas-war","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/views-of-the-israel-hamas-war\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":24106,"title":"2. Views of the U.S. role in the Israel-Hamas war","slug":"views-of-the-u-s-role-in-the-israel-hamas-war","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/views-of-the-u-s-role-in-the-israel-hamas-war\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":24115,"title":"3. Views on the consequences of the Israel-Hamas war","slug":"views-on-the-consequences-of-the-israel-hamas-war","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/21\/views-on-the-consequences-of-the-israel-hamas-war\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":24124,"title":"4. 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