{"id":29322,"date":"2017-06-08T09:50:38","date_gmt":"2017-06-08T14:50:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2017\/06\/08\/digital-footprint-of-europes-refugees\/"},"modified":"2026-06-30T16:10:12","modified_gmt":"2026-06-30T20:10:12","slug":"digital-footprint-of-europes-refugees","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global-migration-and-demography\/2017\/06\/08\/digital-footprint-of-europes-refugees\/","title":{"rendered":"The Digital Footprint of Europe\u2019s Refugees"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"(Angelos
Migrants check their mobile phones on the Greek island of Kos after crossing the Aegean Sea from Turkey in an inflatable raft in August 2015. (Angelos Tzortzinis\/AFP\/Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Migrants leaving their homes for a new country often carry a smartphone<\/a> to communicate with family that may have stayed behind and to help search for border crossings, find useful information about their journey or search for details about their destination. The digital footprints<\/a> left by online searches can provide insight into the movement of migrants as they transit between countries and settle in new locations, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of refugee flows between the Middle East and Europe.[1. This analysis comparing Google Trends with migration data uses a different methodology from an earlier Pew Research Center report focused on news coverage<\/a> of the Flint water crisis. Unlike the earlier study on news consumption, the analysis of this report is based on publicly available data from Google. See this report\u2019s methodology<\/a> for more details.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Refugees from just two Middle Eastern countries \u2014 Syria and Iraq \u2014 made up a combined 38% of the record 1.3 million people<\/a> who arrived and applied for asylum in the European Union, Norway and Switzerland in 2015 and a combined 37% of the 1.2 million first-time asylum applications<\/a> in 2016. Most Syrian and Iraqi refugees during this period crossed from Turkey to Greece by sea<\/a>, before continuing on to their final destinations in Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since many refugees from Syria and Iraq speak Arabic as their native, if not only, language, it is possible to identify key moments in their migration by examining trends in internet searches conducted in Turkey using Arabic, as opposed to the dominant Turkic languages<\/a> in that country. For example, Turkey-based searches for the word \u201cGreece\u201d in Arabic closely mirror 2015 and 2016 fluctuations in the number of refugees crossing the Aegean Sea to Greece. The searches also provide a window into how migrants planned to move across borders \u2014 for example, the search term \u201cGreece\u201d was often combined with \u201csmuggler.\u201d In addition, an hourly analysis of searches in Turkey shows spikes in the search term \u201cGreece\u201d during early morning hours, a typical time for migrants making their way across the Mediterranean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Comparing online searches with migration data<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

This report\u2019s analysis compares data from internet searches with government and international agency refugee arrival and asylum application data in Europe from 2015 and 2016. Internet searches were captured from Google Trends<\/a>, a publicly-available analytical tool that standardizes search volume by language and location over time. The analysis examines searches in Arabic, done in Turkey and Germany, for selected words such as \u201cGreece\u201d or \u201cGerman\u201d that can be linked to migration patterns. For a complete list of search terms employed, see the methodology<\/a>. Google releases hourly, daily and weekly search data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Google does not release the actual number of searches conducted but provides a metric capturing the relative change in searches over a specified time period. The metric ranges from 0 to 100 and indicates low- or high-volume search activity for the time period. Predicting or deciphering human behavior from the analysis of internet searches has limitations<\/a> and remains experimental<\/a>. But, internet search data does offer a potentially promising way<\/a> to explore migration flows crossing international borders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Migration data cited in this report come from two sources. The first is the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)<\/a>, which provides data on new arrivals into Greece on a monthly basis. The second is first-time asylum applications from Eurostat<\/a>, Europe\u2019s statistical agency. Since both Syrian and Iraqi asylum seekers have had fairly high acceptance rates<\/a> in Europe, it is likely that most Syrian and Iraqi migrants entering during 2015 and 2016 were counted by UNHCR and applied for asylum with European authorities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The unique circumstances of this Syrian and Iraqi migration \u2014 the technology used by refugees<\/a>, the large and sudden movement of refugees and language groups in transit and destination countries \u2014 presents a unique opportunity to integrate the analysis of online searches and migration data. The conditions that permit this type of analysis may not apply in other circumstances where migrants are moving between countries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Once in Europe, nearly six-in-ten (57%) Syrian and Iraqi refugees in 2015 and 2016 applied for asylum in Germany. Just as with Turkey, Germany\u2019s population is largely non-Arabic speaking.[2. Arabic is the primary language of Syrians and Iraqis in their home countries, but about 1% of the non-refugee population in Turkey<\/a> speaks the language. Similarly, an estimated 0.5% (or about half a million) of Germany\u2019s population spoke Arabic prior the arrival of most Syrian and Iraqi refugees in 2015 and 2016, based on the foreign-born population from Arabic-speaking countries, according to migrant stock data from the United Nations<\/a> for mid-year 2015.] The trend in the monthly number of asylum applications in Germany closely mirrors online Arabic searches from Germany. For example, in 2015 and 2016, Arabic-language searches for the word \u201cGerman\u201d \u2014 a likely search term for arrivals navigating their new environment \u2014 follow similar changes in the number of monthly asylum applications of Syrian and Iraqi migrants in Germany, according to the Center\u2019s analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Turkey to Greece: Internet searches and migrant flows into Europe<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

During 2015 and 2016, hundreds of thousands of people traveled by boat from the Turkish coast to the shores of Greece, hoping to gain refugee status in Europe. Many of these asylum seekers used smartphones during their journey<\/a>, which provided access to information and maps, as well as travel advice via social media.[3. A 2013 report sponsored by the Turkish government<\/a> indicates that nearly 90% of Syrian refugees in Turkey had a mobile phone and used it to communicate with relatives in Syria.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the time, migrants transiting Turkey largely were from Syria and Iraq, both predominantly Arabic-speaking countries. It is likely that in 2015 and 2016 these same migrants were responsible for most Arabic internet searches in Turkey \u2014 a country where Turkish is the predominant language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arabic-language Google searches in Turkey for the word \u201cGreece\u201d peaked in August 2015; two months later, the volume of migrants arriving in Greece also peaked. Plausibly, this is more than a coincidence. The two-month gap between the peak volume of searches and the peak number of new asylum applicant arrivals in Greece could be explained by the time it takes migrants to arrange for passage<\/a> and to be processed upon arrival<\/a>.[4. Monthly refugee arrivals represent all nationalities, not only Syrians and Iraqis. Exact origins of refugees entering Greece each month are unavailable. However, annual refugee origins are available. Syrians and Iraqis, for example, were nearly two-thirds (65%) of all sea arrivals in 2015 and 2016 combined.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The relationship between Arabic searches for the word \u201cGreece\u201d in Turkey and arrivals into Greece were not as highly linked following the EU-Turkey deal<\/a>, a plan to stem the flow of migrants from Turkey into Greece implemented by EU and Turkish officials on March 20, 2016. Following the deal, refugee arrivals averaged between 2,000 and 3,000 each month. Nonetheless, online searches for \u201cGreece\u201d in Arabic continued at nearly pre-surge levels. In other words, would-be migrants likely continued to search for migration help, but many did not actually migrate, possibly because of the new travel restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Analysis by the hour, rather than month, reveals that the search term \u201cGreece\u201d was most frequently searched between 1 a.m. and 3 a.m., local time, particularly before the EU-Turkey agreement was implemented.[5. Google Trends only releases hourly data for the previous seven days. Google Trends data for March 14 to 21 was captured on March 22, 2016, and is no longer publicly available. Analyses of most recent weeks when migration between Turkey and Greece has largely subsided do not always reveal the same pattern.] Separate reporting finds that many migrants made the journey across the Eastern Mediterranean in the middle of the night<\/a>.[6. An analysis of Google AdWords<\/a>, a marketing tool that assists businesses in selecting the best terms for increasing traffic to their company website, indicates that monthly number of Arabic searches for \u201cGreece\u201d in Turkey were under 10,000 for most months. This smaller, monthly number of searches than actual migrants, combined with data showing search peaks in the middle of the night, suggests that internet users were primarily searching the web for migration purposes. See this report\u2019s methodology<\/a> for more details.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Online Arabic searches in Turkey for the term \u201cGreece\u201d also track with the number of people from Syria and Iraq applying for asylum in EU countries, plus Norway and Switzerland. For example, the surge in online searches was followed by a spike in asylum applications from these countries one to two months later. Again, this is likely more than coincidence, as for some Syrian and Iraqi migrants the journey through Greece and on to other countries further north (mostly to Germany, Hungary or Sweden<\/a>) could take weeks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following the EU-Turkey agreement, both online searches and number of asylum applications sharply fell, and continued to steadily decline throughout most of 2016. However, a closer examination finds that the month to month relationship between online searches for \u201cGreece\u201d and subsequent asylum applications is not as strong following the EU-Turkey deal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Into Germany: Internet searches also show refugee arrivals<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The digital footprints of migrants are not just limited to their initial journey. Once within Europe, refugees are expected to apply for asylum in the first European country they enter, and wait in that country for their applications to be processed.[7. As per the Dublin regulation<\/a>, asylum applicants are to apply in the first European country they enter. If they do not, they can be returned to the arrival country. However, that regulation was temporarily suspended by Germany<\/a> during the height of the refugee crisis, permitting refugees to pass through several European countries in their journey to Germany.] However, some refugees move between European countries, applying for refugee status in more than one along the way.[8. Eurostat recognizes<\/a> that some countries may over count first-time applications even with increased information sharing on refugee applications between EU member-states using the EURODAC system<\/a>.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Online, Arabic-language searches for the word \u201cGerman\u201d in the country of Germany provide another indicator of the migration flow of Syrians and Iraqis into Europe. (The search term \u201cGerman\u201d is a likely word new migrants would search when trying to translate text from Arabic to German online or to learn new German words). Online searches for \u201cGerman\u201d track with the number of new asylum applications of Syrian and Iraqi migrants in Germany for most of 2015 and 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Migration from Turkey to Greece dropped off considerably<\/a> following the EU-Turkey agreement in March 2016. But it appears that even though Syrian and Iraqi refugees may have largely stopped traveling to Europe after the agreement, Syrians and Iraqis already in Europe, such as those in Hungary, continued to find ways to enter Germany and other European countries<\/a> and apply for asylum there. And several months could have passed before applications were registered<\/a> within Germany, even though the refugees had arrived much earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Google searches in Arabic for \u201cGerman\u201d remained strong even though asylum applications in Germany dropped off significantly by October 2016. As indicated by a growing number of new arrivals enrolled in German integration courses<\/a>, Syrians and Iraqis may have continued to search for the term \u201cGerman\u201d even though the number of asylum applications has fallen.<\/p>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n

Terminology<\/h4>\n

\u201cRefugees\u201d and \u201casylum seekers\u201d are people who have crossed international borders to receive protection from persecution, war or violence. These populations remain refugees or asylum seekers until they are permanently resettled outside of their birth countries or return to their homelands. Even though \u201crefugee\u201d can denote a certain legal status in Europe, the terms \u201crefugee,\u201d \u201casylum seeker\u201d and \u201cmigrant\u201d are used interchangeably in this report to describe this population.<\/p>\n

\u201cEurope\u201d is used in this report as shorthand for the 28 nation-states that form the European Union (EU) as well as Norway and Switzerland, for a total of 30 countries. At the time of this report\u2019s publication, the UK was still part of the European Union, although the country voted on June 23, 2016 to leave the EU.<\/p>\n

\u201cInternet searches\u201d and \u201conline searches\u201d are used interchangeably and refer to searches users enter into search engines. The data used for this report relies on searches made on Google (see Google Trends below).<\/p>\n

\u201cGoogle Trends<\/a>\u201d is an analytical tool that reports the standardized volume of internet search terms on a scale of 0 to 100 entered into google.com during a specified period of time, based on location and language. This project uses data from the publicly available Google Trends<\/a> website. See methodology<\/a> for more information.
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