{"id":29964,"date":"2015-07-08T14:40:45","date_gmt":"2015-07-08T19:40:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2015\/07\/08\/references-2\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T00:10:29","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T05:10:29","slug":"references-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2015\/07\/08\/references-2\/","title":{"rendered":"References"},"content":{"rendered":"

Updated August 13, 2015: This new edition includes corrected estimates for Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Taiwan, and some related aggregated data.<\/em><\/p>\n\n

Alwang, Jeffrey, Paul B. Siegel and Steen L. Jorgensen. 2001. \u201cVulnerability: A View from Different Disciplines.\u201d Washington, D.C.: World Bank, June. http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/2001\/06\/1637776\/vulnerability-view-different-disciplines<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Baicker, Katherine and\u00a0Amitabh Chandra. 2005. \u201cThe Labor Market Effects of Rising Health Insurance Premiums.\u201d Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February. http:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w11160<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Basu, Sudip Ranjan. 2009. \u201cComparing China and India: Is the Dividend of Economic Reforms Polarized?\u201d The European Journal of Comparative Economics. http:\/\/eaces.liuc.it\/18242979200901\/182429792009060105.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Birdsall, Nancy. 2010. \u201cThe (Indispensable) Middle Class in Developing Countries; or, the Rich and the Rest, not the Poor and the Rest.\u201d Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development, March. http:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/publication\/indispensable-middle-class-developing-countries-or-rich-and-rest-not-poor-and-rest<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Birdsall, Nancy. 2012. \u201cIs India\u2019s Middle Class Big Enough For \u2026?\u201d Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development, November. http:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/blog\/india%E2%80%99s-middle-class-big-enough<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Birdsall, Nancy. 2015. \u201cDoes the Rise of the Middle Class Lock in Good Government in the Developing World?\u201d Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development, April. http:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/publication\/does-rise-middle-class-lock-good-government-developing-world<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Birdsall, Nancy, Nora Lustig and Christian J. Meyer. 2013. \u201cThe Strugglers: The New Poor in Latin America?\u201d Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development, August. http:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/publication\/strugglers-new-poor-latin-america-working-paper-337<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Bosworth, Barry, and Susan M. Collins. 2007. \u201cAccounting for Growth: Comparing China and India.\u201d Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February. http:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w12943<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Bourguignon, Francois, and Christian Morrisson. 2002. \u201cInequality Among World Citizens: 1820-1992.\u201d American Economic Review, September. https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/articles.php?doi=10.1257\/00028280260344443<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Chandy, Laurence, and Homi Kharas. 2014. \u201cWhat Do New Price Data Mean for the Goal of Ending Extreme Poverty?\u201d Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, Up Front, May. http:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blogs\/up-front\/posts\/2014\/05\/05-data-extreme-poverty-chandy-kharas<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Chen, Shaohua, and Martin Ravallion. 2004. \u201cHow Have the World\u2019s Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?\u201d Washington, D.C.: World Bank, June. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10986\/14047\/wps3341.pdf?sequence=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Chen, Shaohua, and Martin Ravallion. 2010. \u201cThe Developing World Is Poorer than We Thought, but No Less Successful in the Fight Against Poverty.\u201d The Quarterly Journal of Economics, November. http:\/\/qje.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/125\/4\/1577.short<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Cho, Yoonyoung, and Bienvenue N. Tien. 2014. \u201cSub-Saharan Africa\u2019s Recent Growth Spurt: An Analysis of the Sources of Growth.\u201d Washington, D.C.: World Bank, May. http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/2014\/05\/19460685\/sub-saharan-africas-recent-growth-spurt-analysis-sources-growth<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Cingano, Federico. 2014. \u201cTrends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth.\u201d Paris, France: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, December. http:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/social-issues-migration-health\/trends-in-income-inequality-and-its-impact-on-economic-growth_5jxrjncwxv6j-en<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Congressional Budget Office. 2011. \u201cTrends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007.\u201d Washington, D.C., October. http:\/\/www.cbo.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/cbofiles\/attachments\/10-25-HouseholdIncome.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Court, David, and Laxman Narasimhan. 2010. \u201cCapturing the World\u2019s Emerging Middle Class.\u201d McKinsey Quarterly, July. http:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/insights\/consumer_and_retail\/capturing_the_worlds_emerging_middle_class<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Dabla-Norris, Era, Kalpana Kochhar, Nujin Suphaphiphat, Frantisek Ricka and Evridiki Tsounta. 2015. \u201cCauses and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective.\u201d Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, June. http:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/sdn\/2015\/sdn1513.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Dadush, Uri, and William Shaw. 2011. \u201cJuggernaut: How Emerging Markets Are Reshaping Globalization.\u201d Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. http:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/files\/juggernaut_final.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Dang, Hai-Anh H., and Peter F. Lanjouw. 2014. \u201cWelfare Dynamics Measurement: Two Definitions of a Vulnerability Line and their Empirical Application.\u201d Washington, D.C.: World Bank, June. http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/2014\/06\/19705818\/welfare-dynamics-measurement-two-definitions-vulnerability-line-empirical-application<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Deaton, Angus. 2003. \u201cMeasuring Poverty in a Growing World (or Measuring Growth in a Poor World).\u201d Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July. http:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w9822<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Deaton, Angus, and Bettina Aten. 2014. \u201cTrying to Understand the PPPs in ICP2011: Why Are the Results so Different?\u201d Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June. http:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w20244<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Dobbs, Richard, Jaana Remes, James Manyika, Charles Roxburgh, Sven Smit and Fabian Schaer. 2012. \u201cUrban World: Cities and the Rise of the Consuming Class.\u201d McKinsey & Company, June. http:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/insights\/urbanization\/urban_world_cities_and_the_rise_of_the_consuming_class<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Dykstra, Sarah, Benjamin Dykstra and Justin Sandefur. 2014. \u201cWe Just Ran Twenty-Three Million Queries of the World Bank\u2019s Website.\u201d Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development, April. http:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/publication\/we-just-ran-twenty-three-million-queries-world-banks-website-working-paper-362<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Elsby, Michael W. L., Bart Hobijn, and Aysegul Sahin. 2013. \u201cThe Decline of the U.S. Labor Share.\u201d Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. http:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/~\/media\/Projects\/BPEA\/Fall-2013\/2013b_elsby_labor_share.pdf?la=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Ferreira, Francisco H.G., Julian Messina, Jamele Rigolini, Luis-Felipe Lopez-Calva, Maria Ana Lugo and Renos Vakis. 2012. \u201cEconomic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class.\u201d Washington, D.C.: World Bank, November. http:\/\/elibrary.worldbank.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1596\/978-0-8213-9634-6<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Financial Times. 2014. \u201cWorld Bank Eyes Biggest Global Poverty Line Increase in Decades.\u201d London, U.K.: May. http:\/\/www.ft.com\/cms\/s\/0\/091808e0-d6da-11e3-b95e-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3UIjx1SGl<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Fukuyama, Francis. 2011. \u201cIs There a Proper Sequence in Democratic Transitions?\u201d Current History, November. http:\/\/www.currenthistory.com\/Article.php?ID=921<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Government of India Planning Commission. 2014. \u201cReport of the Expert Group to Review the Methodology for Measurement of Poverty.\u201d June. http:\/\/planningcommission.nic.in\/reports\/genrep\/pov_rep0707.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Hout, Michael. 2007. \u201cHow Class Works in Popular Conception: Most Americans Identify with the Class Their Income, Occupation, and Education Implies for Them.\u201d Berkeley, CA: Survey Research Center, February. http:\/\/ucdata.berkeley.edu\/publication_record.php?recid=96<\/a><\/p>\n\n

International Monetary Fund. 2014. \u201cWorld Economic Outlook: Legacies, Clouds, Uncertainties.\u201d Washington, D.C.: October. http:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/weo\/2014\/02\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n

International Monetary Fund. 2015. \u201cGlobal Prospects and Policy Challenges.\u201d G-20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting, Istanbul, Turkey, February 9-10. http:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/np\/g20\/pdf\/2015\/020915.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Jaumotte, Florence. 2012. \u201cIs Labor Compensation Still Falling in Advanced Economies?\u201d IMF Survey Magazine, May. http:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/survey\/so\/2012\/NUM052412A.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Kharas, Homi. 2010. \u201cThe Emerging Middle Class in Developing Countries.\u201d Paris, France: OECD Development Centre, January. http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/dev\/44457738.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Lakner, Christoph, and Branko Milanovic. 2013. \u201cGlobal Income Distribution: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to the Great Recession.\u201d Washington, D.C: World Bank, December. http:\/\/elibrary.worldbank.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1596\/1813-9450-6719<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Leke, Acha, Susan Lund, Charles Roxburgh and Arend van Wamelen. 2010. \u201cWhat\u2019s Driving Africa\u2019s Growth.\u201d McKinsey & Company, June. http:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/insights\/economic_studies\/whats_driving_africas_growth <\/a><\/p>\n\n

Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1959. \u201cSome Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.\u201d American Political Science Review, March. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1951731?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

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Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database, http:\/\/www.lisdatacenter.org<\/a> (multiple countries; October 2014 to April 2015). Luxembourg: LIS.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

Milanovic, Branko. 1999. \u201cTrue World Income Distribution, 1988 and 1993: First Calculations, Based on Household Surveys Alone.\u201d Washington, D.C.: World Bank, November. http:\/\/elibrary.worldbank.org\/doi\/book\/10.1596\/1813-9450-2244<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Milanovic, Branko. 2011. The Haves and the Have-Nots. New York, NY: Basic Books.<\/p>\n\n

Milanovic, Branko. 2014. \u201cFor Whom the Wall Fell? A Balance-Sheet of Transition to Capitalism.\u201d Global Inequality, November. http:\/\/glineq.blogspot.com\/2014\/11\/for-whom-wall-fell-balance-sheet-of.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Milanovic, Branko, and Shlomo Yitzhaki. 2002. \u201cDecomposing World Income Distribution: Does the World Have a Middle Class?\u201d Review of Income and Wealth, June. http:\/\/www.roiw.org\/2002\/155.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Murtin, Fabrice, and Romain Wacziarg. 2014. \u201cThe Democratic Transition.\u201d Journal of Economic Growth, June. http:\/\/www.anderson.ucla.edu\/faculty_pages\/romain.wacziarg\/downloads\/transition.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Orshansky, Mollie. 1965. \u201cCounting the Poor: Another Look at the Poverty Profile.\u201d Social Security Bulletin, January. http:\/\/www.ssa.gov\/policy\/docs\/ssb\/v28n1\/v28n1p3.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Ostry, Jonathan D., Andrew Berg and Charalambos G. Tsangarides. 2014. \u201cRedistribution, Inequality, and Growth.\u201d Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, February. http:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/sdn\/2014\/sdn1402.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Pew Research Center. 2012. \u201cThe Lost Decade of the Middle Class.\u201d Washington, D.C.: August. https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2012\/08\/22\/the-lost-decade-of-the-middle-class\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Ravallion, Martin, Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula. 2009. \u201cDollar a Day Revisited.\u201d Washington, D.C.: World Bank, June. http:\/\/elibrary.worldbank.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1093\/wber\/lhp007<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Savage, Mike, Fiona Devine, Niall Cunningham, Mark Taylor, Yaojun Li, Johs. Hjellbrekke, Brigitte Le Roux, Sam Friedman and Andrew Miles. 2013. \u201cA New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC\u2019s Great British Class Survey Experiment.\u201d Sociology, April.<\/p>\n\n

Sosa, Sebastian, and Evridiki Tsounta. 2013. \u201cA Bumpy Road Ahead.\u201d Finance & Development, September. http:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/fandd\/2013\/09\/sosa.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n

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U.S. Census Bureau. \u201cHistorical Income Tables: Households.\u201d Washington, D.C. http:\/\/www.census.gov\/hhes\/www\/income\/data\/historical\/household\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n

U.S. Census Bureau. \u201cPoverty Thresholds for 2011 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years.\u201d http:\/\/www.census.gov\/hhes\/www\/poverty\/data\/threshld\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. 2011. \u201cOfficial USDA Food Plans: Cost of Food at Home at Four Levels, U.S. Average, July 2011.\u201d Alexandria, VA: August. http:\/\/www.cnpp.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/usda_food_plans_cost_of_food\/CostofFoodJul2011.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

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World Bank, 2014a. \u201cPurchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures of World Economies: Summary of Results and Findings of the 2011 International Comparison Program.\u201d Washington, D.C. http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/ICPINT\/Resources\/270056-1183395201801\/Summary-of-Results-and-Findings-of-the-2011-International-Comparison-Program.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

World Bank, 2014b. \u201cKenya Economic Update: Take-off Delayed?\u201d Washington, D.C., June. http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/2014\/06\/19768790\/take-off-delayed-kenyas-economy-facing-headwinds-2014-special-focus-delivering-primary-health-care-services-vol-2-2<\/a><\/p>\n\n

World Bank. 2015. \u201cA Measured Approach to Ending Poverty and Boosting Shared Prosperity: Concepts, Data, and the Twin Goals.\u201d Policy Research Report, Washington, D.C. http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/measuringpoverty\/publication\/a-measured-approach-to-ending-poverty-and-boosting-shared-prosperity<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Updated August 13, 2015: This new edition includes corrected estimates for Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Taiwan, and some related aggregated data. Alwang, Jeffrey, Paul B. Siegel and Steen L. Jorgensen. 2001. \u201cVulnerability: A View from Different Disciplines.\u201d Washington, D.C.: World Bank, June. http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/2001\/06\/1637776\/vulnerability-view-different-disciplines Baicker, Katherine and\u00a0Amitabh Chandra. 2005. \u201cThe Labor Market Effects of Rising 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Global Middle Class Is More Promise than Reality","slug":"a-global-middle-class-is-more-promise-than-reality","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2015\/07\/08\/a-global-middle-class-is-more-promise-than-reality\/","is_active":false},{"id":29611,"title":"Mapping the Global Population: How Many Live on How Much, and Where","slug":"mapping-the-global-population-how-many-live-on-how-much-and-where","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2015\/07\/08\/mapping-the-global-population-how-many-live-on-how-much-and-where\/","is_active":false},{"id":29631,"title":"Despite Poverty\u2019s Plunge, Middle-Class Status Remains Out of Reach for Many","slug":"despite-povertys-plunge-middle-class-status-remains-out-of-reach-for-many","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2015\/07\/08\/despite-povertys-plunge-middle-class-status-remains-out-of-reach-for-many\/","is_active":false},{"id":29621,"title":"About the 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