{"id":38477,"date":"2023-08-10T10:01:48","date_gmt":"2023-08-10T15:01:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2023\/08\/10\/how-americans-see-the-legacy-of-martin-luther-king-jr\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T14:39:01","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T18:39:01","slug":"how-americans-see-the-legacy-of-martin-luther-king-jr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2023\/08\/10\/how-americans-see-the-legacy-of-martin-luther-king-jr\/","title":{"rendered":"1. How Americans see the legacy of Martin Luther King Jr."},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most U.S. adults (81%) say Martin Luther King Jr. has had a positive impact on the country, with 47% saying King has had a <em>very <\/em>positive impact. Some 38% say their own views on racial equality have been influenced by King\u2019s legacy a great deal or a fair amount.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;king-s-impact-on-the-country&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"king-s-impact-on-the-country\">King\u2019s impact on the country<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"by-race-and-ethnicity\">By race and ethnicity<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-46716\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2023\/08\/10\/how-americans-see-the-legacy-of-martin-luther-king-jr\/st_2023-08-10_mlk-legacy_1-01-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"d7e3e0\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #d7e3e0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_1-01.png?resize=480,1010 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_1-01.png?resize=620,1304 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"652\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_1-01.png?w=310\" alt=\"Stacked bar chart views on King\u2019s impact on the country differ widely by party\" class=\"wp-image-46716 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some 53% of Black adults say Martin Luther King Jr. has had a very positive impact on the country, compared with 46% each among White and Hispanic adults and 43% of Asian adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asian (10%), White (6%) and Hispanic (6%) adults are all more likely than Black adults (2%) to say they don\u2019t know enough about King\u2019s impact to answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"by-age\">By age<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adults younger than 50 are more likely than those who are older to say King has had a very positive impact on the country. This overall variance is mostly due to the differing views of older and younger White Americans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some 54% of White Americans younger than 50 say King\u2019s impact has been very positive, compared with 40% of White Americans ages 50 and older. The opposite is true among Black Americans: 60% of those <em>50 and older <\/em>say King has had a very positive impact, compared with 49% of Black Americans younger than 50.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are no differences by age among Hispanic Americans, and the sample of Asian Americans is too small to analyze by age group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"by-partisanship\">By partisanship<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A majority of Democrats and Democratic leaners (58%) say King has had a very positive impact on the country, compared with 37% of Republicans and those who lean to the GOP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ideological-differences-among-democrats\">Ideological differences among Democrats<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liberal Democrats (68%) are far more likely than moderate and conservative Democrats (50%) to say King has had a very positive impact on the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is no difference on this question between conservative Republicans and moderate and liberal Republicans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;king-s-impact-on-personal-views-on-racial-equality&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"king-s-impact-on-personal-views-on-racial-equality\">King\u2019s impact on personal views on racial equality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"by-race-and-ethnicity-1\">By race and ethnicity<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-46720\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2023\/08\/10\/how-americans-see-the-legacy-of-martin-luther-king-jr\/st_2023-08-10_mlk-legacy_1-02-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e8eae6\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e8eae6;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_1-02.png?resize=480,583 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_1-02.png?resize=782,950 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_1-02.png?resize=840,1020 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"510\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_1-02.png?w=420\" alt=\"Bar charts showing a majority of Black Americans say their own views on racial equality were influenced by King\u2019s legacy\" class=\"wp-image-46720 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A majority of Black Americans (59%) say Martin Luther King Jr.\u2019s legacy has influenced their own views on racial equality a great deal or a fair amount. Far smaller shares of Hispanic (38%), White (34%) and Asian (34%) Americans say the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About one-in-five Asian adults (21%) say they don\u2019t know enough about King\u2019s legacy to say how it\u2019s impacted their own views. This is larger than the shares of Hispanic (11%), White (9%) and Black (6%) adults who say they don\u2019t know enough to answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"by-partisanship-1\">By partisanship<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About half of Democrats (48%) say King\u2019s legacy has influenced their own views on racial equality a great deal or a fair amount; 29% say King\u2019s legacy has influenced their views some; and 16% say it hasn\u2019t influenced their views much or at all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Republicans are more mixed: 30% say King\u2019s legacy has influenced their own views on racial equality a great deal or a fair amount; 28% say it has influenced their views some; and 30% say it hasn\u2019t had much influence or hasn\u2019t influenced their views at all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"racial-and-ethnic-differences-among-democrats\">Racial and ethnic differences among Democrats<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A majority of Black Democrats (63%) say King\u2019s legacy has had a great deal or a fair amount of influence on their views on racial equality. Far smaller shares of White (46%), Hispanic (41%) and Asian (40%) Democrats say the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-callout is-style-default has-beige-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"in-their-own-words-what-americans-say-about-martin-luther-king-jr-s-legacy\">In their own words: What Americans say about Martin Luther King Jr.\u2019s legacy<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>(Selected written responses to an open-ended question)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cHe wanted equality for all people, not just for blacks. He wanted all poor people to have a better life in this country. He was against the war in Vietnam. He fought for voters\u2019 rights. He loved all people in this country.\u201d \u2013<em> Black Democrat<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAt the time he was a radical, hated by a majority of white folks. He advocated for equality not just in racial acceptance but by changing the economic system to lift up the poor.\u201d \u2013<em> White Democrat<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cMLK, Jr. pushed for equality among all people, regardless of skin color, not because of skin color. He did not intend for the outcome of his fight to be an emphasis on race, as we are seeing today, but rather, he sought a world in which race is irrelevant.\u201d \u2013 <em>White Republican<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cMLK Jr was remembered for civil disobedience and peaceful protests, but people often forget he was a radical and was not some quiet pastor. He was a man of the people and he was killed for advocating for human rights.\u201d \u2013<em> Asian Democrat<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cHe didn\u2019t only want equality for black people; he advocated for all. He also didn\u2019t tear down white people to make his point; he knew and said that it took their involvement for change as well.\u201d \u2013 <em>Black Republican<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cMLK believed in a meritocracy rather than affirmative action, or worse, reparations.\u201d \u2013 <em>White Republican<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe popular conception of MLK was that he was someone who cared solely about racial equality. In fact, King viewed economic injustice and racial injustice as interlinked and inseparable. King supported radical redistribution of wealth, strengthening the safety net and, yes, reparations for black Americans.\u201d \u2013<em> White Democrat<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cHis legacy, which was far more radical in his day than is recognized now, has largely been whitewashed to one carrying a \u2018love everyone but don\u2019t change anything systemic\u2019 message. His views on economic equality, the ones he espoused shortly before his death, are still radical today.\u201d \u2013 <em>Black Democrat<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cHe believed true equality is colorblind and that the goal is equal opportunity, not equal outcomes. He would very much disagree with the \u2018Black Lives Matter\u2019 movement. He believed ALL LIVES MATTER, and that it is not racist to say so.\u201d \u2013 <em>White Republican<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cHe tried to get both black and white people (and other colors) to get along because we\u2019re not different races, rather one race, the Human Race. Sadly, I think only some people understand that and live it, others try to use race as a tool to divide us.\u201d \u2013 <em>Hispanic Republican<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cI think about how much he\u2019s been whitewashed and how many people quoting him today would have hated him back then. I think of how he wanted equality for all, most notably for Black people, but also for all marginalized people.\u201d \u2013<em> White Democrat<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWhen I think of what MLK taught, the first things that come to mind are ideas rooted in finding commonality in each other, uniting people on the principle of being equal, and fostering mutual respect and appreciation for one another.\u201d \u2013 <em>White Republican<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;familiarity-with-king-s-i-have-a-dream-speech&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"familiarity-with-king-s-i-have-a-dream-speech\">Familiarity with King\u2019s \u2018I Have a Dream\u2019 speech<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-46724\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2023\/08\/10\/how-americans-see-the-legacy-of-martin-luther-king-jr\/st_2023-08-10_mlk-legacy_1-03-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e4e8e4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e4e8e4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_1-03.png?resize=480,706 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_1-03.png?resize=782,1151 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_1-03.png?resize=840,1236 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"618\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_1-03.png?w=420\" alt=\"Bar charts showing most Americans have read or heard a great deal or a fair amount about King\u2019s \u201cI Have a Dream\u201d speech\" class=\"wp-image-46724 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most U.S. adults (60%) say they have heard or read a great deal or a fair amount about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2010\/01\/18\/122701268\/i-have-a-dream-speech-in-its-entirety\">Martin Luther King Jr.\u2019s \u201cI&nbsp;Have a Dream\u201d speech<\/a>. About a quarter (27%) have heard or read some, and 13% haven\u2019t heard or read much or anything at all about the speech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"by-race-and-ethnicity-2\">By race and ethnicity<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eight-in-ten Black adults say they\u2019ve heard or read a great deal or a fair amount about the speech, followed by 60% of White adults, 49% of Hispanic adults and 41% of Asian adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About a quarter of Asian (25%) and Hispanic (23%) adults say they haven\u2019t heard much or anything at all about King\u2019s \u201cI Have a Dream\u201d speech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"by-age-1\">By age<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adults ages 65 and older \u2013 all of whom were at least 5 years old when King gave the speech in 1963 \u2013 are the most likely to say they\u2019ve heard or read a great deal or a fair amount about it: 68% say this, compared with shares ranging from 53% to 61% among younger groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"by-education\">By education<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About two-thirds (66%) of adults with a bachelor\u2019s degree or more education say they\u2019ve heard or read a great deal or a fair amount about the speech. Smaller shares of those with some college (61%) or with a high school diploma or less education (53%) say the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Differences by education are evident among White and Hispanic adults, but not among Black adults. Eight-in-ten Black Americans with at least a bachelor\u2019s degree say they\u2019ve heard or read a great deal or a fair amount about the speech, as do 83% of those with some college and 77% of Black Americans with a high school diploma or less education. There aren\u2019t enough Asian adults in the sample to analyze by education.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Most U.S. adults (81%) say Martin Luther King Jr. has had a positive impact on the country, with 47% saying King has had a very positive impact. Some 38% say their own views on racial equality have been influenced by King\u2019s legacy a great deal or a fair amount. King\u2019s impact on the country By [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":578,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"apple_news_api_id":"","apple_news_api_revision":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"","apple_news_api_modified_at":"","apple_news_api_share_url":"","apple_news_api_pending":"","apple_news_is_preview":false,"apple_news_is_hidden":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[149,101,417,141],"tags":[],"bylines":[947],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[512,515],"research-teams":[523,519],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-38477","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-black-americans","category-discrimination-prejudice","category-partisanship-issues","category-racial-bias-discrimination","bylines-juliana-menasce-horowitz","formats-report","regions-countries-north-america","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-race-and-ethnicity","research-teams-social-trends"],"label":false,"post_parent":38456,"word_count":1349,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2023\/08\/10\/how-americans-see-the-legacy-of-martin-luther-king-jr\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":46677,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_featured.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"Martin Luther King Jr. waves to civil rights supporters in Washington, D.C., during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, where King delivered his \"I Have a Dream\" speech on Aug. 28, 1963. (AFP via Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":46677,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/08\/ST_2023.08.10_MLK-Legacy_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"Martin Luther King Jr. waves to civil rights supporters in Washington, D.C., during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, where King delivered his \"I Have a Dream\" speech on Aug. 28, 1963. 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