{"id":69397,"date":"2024-03-05T09:58:33","date_gmt":"2024-03-05T14:58:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/03\/05\/restrictions-on-religion-in-the-worlds-25-most-populous-countries-in-2021\/"},"modified":"2025-12-19T15:59:43","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T20:59:43","slug":"restrictions-on-religion-in-the-worlds-25-most-populous-countries-in-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/restrictions-on-religion-in-the-worlds-25-most-populous-countries-in-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"4. Restrictions on religion in the world\u2019s 25 most populous countries in 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Egypt, Pakistan, India, Indonesia and Nigeria had the highest levels of overall restrictions (both government restrictions and social hostilities) among the 25 most populous countries in 2021. Japan, the United States, South Africa, Italy and Brazil had the lowest levels of overall restrictions among these countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each year we look separately at the 25 most populous countries, some of which have multiple religious and ethnic minorities, because together they account for nearly three-quarters of the world\u2019s population (that is, about 5.8 billion people out of the 7.8 billion alive in 2020).[8. numoffset=&#8221;8&#8243; The population figures used for this report are estimates for 2020 that were published in the 2022 revision of the UN Population Division\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/\">World Population Prospects<\/a>.] Analyzing how many of these large countries have restrictions, then, sheds light on how large swaths of the global population may be affected by government policies or social hostilities involving religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, it is important to note that these restrictions and hostilities typically do not impact everybody in a country equally; for example, they may affect members of minority religious groups more than they affect people in majority religious groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"government-restrictions-index-gri\">Government Restrictions Index (GRI)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among the 25 largest countries, China, Russia, Iran, Egypt and Indonesia had the highest levels of government restrictions on religion. All had \u201cvery high\u201d GRI scores. On the other hand, the <em>lowest<\/em> levels of government restrictions in this group were recorded in Japan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa, the Philippines and the U.S. The United States had \u201cmoderate\u201d levels of government restrictions while the other four had \u201clow\u201d levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"social-hostilities-index-shi\">Social Hostilities Index (SHI)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among the 25 most populous countries, Nigeria, India, Egypt, Pakistan and Bangladesh had the highest levels of social hostilities relating to religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nigeria, India, Egypt and Pakistan had \u201cvery high\u201d SHI scores while Bangladesh fell into the \u201chigh\u201d category. Japan, China, the U.S., Turkey and South Africa had the <em>lowest<\/em> levels of social hostilities in this group. Turkey and South Africa had \u201cmoderate\u201d levels of social hostilities, while the other three countries had \u201clow\u201d levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Several of the most populous countries had similar levels of government restrictions and social hostilities involving religion.<\/strong> For example, Japan had \u201clow\u201d scores on both the GRI and SHI, Italy was \u201cmoderate\u201d on both indexes, and Pakistan had \u201cvery high\u201d levels of government restrictions and social hostilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>However, other countries had GRI and SHI scores at different ends of the spectrum from one another. <\/strong>In China, for example, government restrictions once again fell into the \u201cvery high\u201d category, while social hostilities remained at a \u201clow\u201d level. On the other hand, the Philippines was in the \u201chigh\u201d category on the SHI and the \u201clow\u201d category on the GRI. Iran, meanwhile, had \u201cvery high\u201d government restrictions and \u201cmoderate\u201d social hostilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"how-gri-scores-changed-from-2020-to-2021\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">How GRI scores changed from 2020 to 2021<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">None of the 25 most populous countries experienced a large change (defined as 2.0 points or more) in their GRI scores. The Democratic Republic of the Congo had a modest decrease (defined as a change of 1.0-1.9 points), while most countries had small changes (less than 1.0 point).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When looking at category changes within the GRI, Pakistan moved from \u201chigh\u201d to \u201cvery high\u201d levels in 2021. None of the other 24 most populous countries moved to different categories on the GRI in 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"how-shi-scores-changed-from-2020-to-2021\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">How SHI scores changed from 2020 to 2021<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There were more changes from 2020 to 2021 on the Social Hostilities Index. Turkey\u2019s SHI score dropped significantly (more than 2.0 points), while South Africa had a modest decrease and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania and Thailand experienced modest <em>increases<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The decrease in Turkey was partially due to there being <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/turkey\/\">no reported abductions or targeted killings of Christians<\/a> in 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/turkey\/\">The previous year<\/a>, the mother of a Chaldean Catholic priest was abducted and later found dead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several of the 25 most populous countries fell into different categories on the SHI in 2021 than in the previous year. For example, Turkey and South Africa\u2019s levels of social hostilities both fell from \u201chigh\u201d to \u201cmoderate\u201d and the U.S. went from \u201cmoderate\u201d to \u201clow.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conversely, Russia and Thailand both rose from \u201cmoderate\u201d to \u201chigh\u201d levels of social hostilities involving religion. In Thailand, the SHI score went up modestly in 2021, in part due to incidents involving physical harassment. For example, the U.S. State Department reported that a group called the Buddhism Protection Organization for Peace <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/thailand\/\">\u201cprotested and obstructed\u201d<\/a> the building of a mosque. (The mosque construction continued after the group left the area).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Russia, where the actual SHI score increase was small, an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jta.org\/quick-reads\/russian-scientist-82-beaten-on-moscow-bus-by-assailant-seeking-to-finish-hitlers-job\">unidentified man assaulted an 82-year-old scientist on a bus<\/a> and shouted antisemitic insults at him. Antisemitic incidents involving physical assault had not been reported in 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-80493\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/restrictions-on-religion-in-the-worlds-25-most-populous-countries-in-2021\/pr_2024-3-5_religious-restrictions_4-01-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f7f2f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f7f2f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/02\/PR_2024.3.5_religious-restrictions_4-01.png?resize=480,605 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/02\/PR_2024.3.5_religious-restrictions_4-01.png?resize=782,986 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/02\/PR_2024.3.5_religious-restrictions_4-01.png?resize=960,1211 960w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/02\/PR_2024.3.5_religious-restrictions_4-01.png?resize=1200,1513 1200w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/02\/PR_2024.3.5_religious-restrictions_4-01.png?resize=1280,1614 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"807\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/02\/PR_2024.3.5_religious-restrictions_4-01.png?w=640\" alt=\"Chart shows Restrictions on religion among the world\u2019s 25 most populous countries\" class=\"wp-image-80493 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Egypt, Pakistan, India, Indonesia and Nigeria had the highest levels of overall restrictions (both government restrictions and social hostilities) among the 25 most populous countries in 2021. Japan, the United States, South Africa, Italy and Brazil had the lowest levels of overall restrictions among these countries. Each year we look separately at the 25 most [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":581,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"apple_news_api_id":"","apple_news_api_revision":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"","apple_news_api_modified_at":"","apple_news_api_share_url":"","apple_news_api_pending":"","apple_news_is_preview":false,"apple_news_is_hidden":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":false,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[173,412,171],"tags":[],"bylines":[899,637],"collection":[],"datasets":[2856],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[505],"research-teams":[517],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-69397","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-international-religious-freedom-restrictions","category-pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project","category-religion-government-1","bylines-samirah-majumdar","bylines-sarah-crawford","datasets-dataset-global-restrictions-on-religion-2007-2022","formats-report","regions-countries-multiple-regions-worldwide","research-teams-religion"],"label":false,"post_parent":69363,"word_count":772,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/restrictions-on-religion-in-the-worlds-25-most-populous-countries-in-2021\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":80440,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/Homepage-A1-image-for-pewresearch.org_.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/Homepage-A1-image-for-pewresearch.org_.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":80445,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/Chart-art-image-for-pewresearch.org_.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/Chart-art-image-for-pewresearch.org_.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"","chartArt":true},"A3":{"id":80445,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/Chart-art-image-for-pewresearch.org_.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/Chart-art-image-for-pewresearch.org_.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"caption":"","chartArt":true},"A4":{"id":80445,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/Chart-art-image-for-pewresearch.org_.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/Chart-art-image-for-pewresearch.org_.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"","chartArt":true},"XL":{"id":80440,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/Homepage-A1-image-for-pewresearch.org_.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/Homepage-A1-image-for-pewresearch.org_.png?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"social":{"id":80437,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/Social-media-image.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/Social-media-image.png?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"caption":"","chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":69363,"title":"Globally, Government Restrictions on Religion Reached Peak Levels in 2021, While Social Hostilities Went Down","slug":"globally-government-restrictions-on-religion-reached-peak-levels-in-2021-while-social-hostilities-went-down","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/globally-government-restrictions-on-religion-reached-peak-levels-in-2021-while-social-hostilities-went-down\/","is_active":false},{"id":69387,"title":"1. Number of countries with \u2018very high\u2019 government restrictions stays level in 2021","slug":"number-of-countries-with-very-high-government-restrictions-stays-level-in-2021","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/number-of-countries-with-very-high-government-restrictions-stays-level-in-2021\/","is_active":false},{"id":69352,"title":"2. Harassment of religious groups returned to peak level in 2021","slug":"harassment-of-religious-groups-returned-to-peak-level-in-2021","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/harassment-of-religious-groups-returned-to-peak-level-in-2021\/","is_active":false},{"id":69406,"title":"3. Median scores for government restrictions peak, social hostilities involving religion tick down in 2021","slug":"median-scores-for-government-restrictions-peak-social-hostilities-involving-religion-tick-down-in-2021","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/median-scores-for-government-restrictions-peak-social-hostilities-involving-religion-tick-down-in-2021\/","is_active":false},{"id":69397,"title":"4. Restrictions on religion in the world\u2019s 25 most populous countries in 2021","slug":"restrictions-on-religion-in-the-worlds-25-most-populous-countries-in-2021","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/restrictions-on-religion-in-the-worlds-25-most-populous-countries-in-2021\/","is_active":true},{"id":69377,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"restrictions-2024-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/restrictions-2024-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":69419,"title":"Methodology","slug":"restrictions-methodology","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/restrictions-methodology\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_r49k66upt","type":"report","attachmentId":80449,"url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/PR_2024.3.5_religious-restrictions_REPORT.pdf","label":"","icon":""},{"key":"_ut305lust","type":"link","attachmentId":0,"url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/02\/PR_2024.3.5_religious-restrictions_A.pdf","label":"Appendix A","icon":"supplemental"},{"key":"_lal6utzng","type":"link","attachmentId":0,"url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/02\/PR_2024.3.5_religious-restrictions_B.pdf","label":"Appendix B","icon":"supplemental"},{"key":"_mq0twvtr2","type":"link","attachmentId":0,"url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/02\/PR_2024.3.5_religious-restrictions_C.pdf","label":"Appendix C","icon":"supplemental"},{"key":"_8qq4nf3vu","type":"link","attachmentId":0,"url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/02\/PR_2024.3.5_religious-restrictions_D.pdf","label":"Appendix D","icon":"supplemental"},{"key":"_xiqp7txty","type":"link","attachmentId":0,"url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/02\/PR_2024.3.5_religious-restrictions_E.pdf","label":"Appendix E","icon":"supplemental"},{"key":"_7i7zkip34","type":"link","attachmentId":0,"url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/02\/PR_2024.3.5_religious-restrictions_F.pdf","label":"Appendix F","icon":"supplemental"},{"key":"_k6pbvmuni","type":"link","attachmentId":0,"url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/interactives\/religious-restrictions-around-the-world\/","label":"Interactive: Religious restrictions around the world","icon":"promo"},{"type":"dataset","id":2856,"label":"Dataset: Global Restrictions on Religion 2007-2022","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/dataset\/dataset-global-restrictions-on-religion-2007-2022\/"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":69397,"title":"4. Restrictions on religion in the world\u2019s 25 most populous countries in 2021","slug":"restrictions-on-religion-in-the-worlds-25-most-populous-countries-in-2021","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/restrictions-on-religion-in-the-worlds-25-most-populous-countries-in-2021\/","is_active":true,"page_num":5},"next_post":{"id":69377,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"restrictions-2024-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/restrictions-2024-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},"previous_post":{"id":69406,"title":"3. Median scores for government restrictions peak, social hostilities involving religion tick down in 2021","slug":"median-scores-for-government-restrictions-peak-social-hostilities-involving-religion-tick-down-in-2021","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/median-scores-for-government-restrictions-peak-social-hostilities-involving-religion-tick-down-in-2021\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},"pagination_items":[{"id":69363,"title":"Globally, Government Restrictions on Religion Reached Peak Levels in 2021, While Social Hostilities Went Down","slug":"globally-government-restrictions-on-religion-reached-peak-levels-in-2021-while-social-hostilities-went-down","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/globally-government-restrictions-on-religion-reached-peak-levels-in-2021-while-social-hostilities-went-down\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},{"id":69387,"title":"1. Number of countries with \u2018very high\u2019 government restrictions stays level in 2021","slug":"number-of-countries-with-very-high-government-restrictions-stays-level-in-2021","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/number-of-countries-with-very-high-government-restrictions-stays-level-in-2021\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":69352,"title":"2. Harassment of religious groups returned to peak level in 2021","slug":"harassment-of-religious-groups-returned-to-peak-level-in-2021","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/harassment-of-religious-groups-returned-to-peak-level-in-2021\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":69406,"title":"3. 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