{"id":69429,"date":"2024-01-24T09:50:02","date_gmt":"2024-01-24T14:50:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/01\/24\/who-are-the-nones-how-are-they-defined\/"},"modified":"2024-12-20T13:40:33","modified_gmt":"2024-12-20T18:40:33","slug":"who-are-the-nones-how-are-they-defined","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/who-are-the-nones-how-are-they-defined\/","title":{"rendered":"1. Who are the \u2018nones\u2019? How are they defined?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Religious \u201cnones\u201d are people who describe themselves as atheist, agnostic or \u201cnothing in particular\u201d when asked about their religious affiliation in our surveys.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-200-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-80436\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/who-are-the-nones-how-are-they-defined\/pr_2024-01-24_religious_nones_1-01-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"dddadf\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #dddadf;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-01.png?resize=400,736 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"368\" width=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-01.png?w=200\" alt=\"Chart shows most \u2018nones\u2019 describe their religion as \u2018nothing in particular\u2019\" class=\"wp-image-80436 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To measure religious affiliation in the United States, we asked: <em>\u201cWhat is your present religion, if any?\u201d<\/em> followed by a list of options:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Protestant (for example, Baptist, Methodist, nondenominational, Lutheran, Presbyterian, Pentecostal, Episcopalian, Church of Christ, Congregational\/United Church of Christ, Holiness, Reformed, Church of God, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Roman Catholic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mormon (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orthodox (such as Greek, Russian, or some other Orthodox Church)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jewish<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Muslim<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Buddhist<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hindu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atheist<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Agnostic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Something else (please specify what)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nothing in particular<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Respondents who choose atheist, agnostic or \u201cnothing in particular\u201d are categorized by Pew Research Center as religiously unaffiliated \u2013 a group that the Center and many others have taken to calling \u201cnones.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most \u201cnones\u201d describe their religion as \u201cnothing in particular\u201d (63%), while 17% say they are atheist and 20% say they are agnostic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We use the terms \u201creligiously unaffiliated\u201d and \u201creligious nones\u201d interchangeably. Sometimes we also refer to the \u201cnones\u201d as people who claim \u201cno religion\u201d or people who don\u2019t identify with any religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meanwhile, we use the term \u201creligiously affiliated\u201d for respondents who identify with one of the religions listed above \u2013 including a relatively small number who choose \u201csomething else\u201d and then write in what it is, as well as those who say they have more than one religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;demographics-of-religious-nones&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"demographics-of-religious-nones\">Demographics of religious \u2018nones\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"age-and-gender\">Age and gender<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The population of religious \u201cnones\u201d in the U.S. is younger than the population of Americans who identify with a religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among \u201cnones,\u201d 69% are under the age of 50, while 31% are 50 or older. By comparison, 45% of U.S. adults who identify with a religion are under 50, while 55% are ages 50 or older.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cNones\u201d overall are roughly split between men (51%) and women (47%). The populations of atheists and agnostics include far more men than women. The same is not true for people whose religion is \u201cnothing in particular.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(For more information on religious differences between men and women, refer to <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2016\/03\/22\/the-gender-gap-in-religion-around-the-world\/\">\u201cThe Gender Gap in Religion Around the World.\u201d<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-80441\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/who-are-the-nones-how-are-they-defined\/pr_2024-01-24_religious_nones_1-02-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f6f6f6\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f6f6f6;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-02.png?resize=480,329 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-02.png?resize=782,535 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-02.png?resize=960,657 960w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-02.png?resize=1200,821 1200w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-02.png?resize=1280,876 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"438\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-02.png?w=640\" alt=\"Chart shows Most atheists and agnostics are men\" class=\"wp-image-80441 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"race-and-ethnicity\">Race and ethnicity<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-80446\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/who-are-the-nones-how-are-they-defined\/pr_2024-01-24_religious_nones_1-03-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f3f3f3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f3f3f3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-03.png?resize=480,521 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-03.png?resize=782,849 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-03.png?resize=840,912 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"456\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-03.png?w=420\" alt=\"Table shows Large majorities of atheists, agnostics are White\" class=\"wp-image-80446 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The racial breakdown of U.S. \u201cnones\u201d is broadly similar to the racial breakdown of Americans who identify with a religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That said, White adults make up larger shares of U.S. atheists (77%) and agnostics (69%) than of people whose religion is \u201cnothing in particular\u201d (57%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Just 2% of self-described atheists and 4% of agnostics are Black.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"education\">Education<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-80450\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/who-are-the-nones-how-are-they-defined\/pr_2024-01-24_religious_nones_1-04-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f3f3f3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f3f3f3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-04.png?resize=480,517 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-04.png?resize=782,842 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-04.png?resize=840,904 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"452\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-04.png?w=420\" alt=\"Table shows Nearly half of atheists and agnostics are college graduates\" class=\"wp-image-80450 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The populations of \u201cnones\u201d and of religiously affiliated adults in the United States have similar levels of education, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among \u201cnones,\u201d though, atheists and agnostics have more education than those whose religion is \u201cnothing in particular.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Atheists and agnostics are also more likely to have a college degree than are Americans who identify with a religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;Party-identification-and-political-ideology-of-religious-\\u2018nones\\u2019&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Party-identification-and-political-ideology-of-religious-\u2018nones\u2019\">Party identification and political ideology of religious \u2018nones\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ideologically, American \u201cnones\u201d are much more likely than religiously affiliated adults to identify as liberal and less likely to identify as conservative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Majorities of atheists (65%) and agnostics (56%) are ideologically liberal. Among those who say their religion is \u201cnothing in particular,\u201d the largest share identify as moderate (46%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Overall, 62% of \u201cnones\u201d identify as Democrats or lean toward the Democratic Party. Atheists (78%) and agnostics (71%) are more likely to be Democrats or lean Democratic than are U.S. adults who identify religiously as \u201cnothing in particular\u201d (54%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-80455\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/who-are-the-nones-how-are-they-defined\/pr_2024-01-24_religious_nones_1-05-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f3f3f3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f3f3f3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-05.png?resize=480,330 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-05.png?resize=782,538 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-05.png?resize=960,660 960w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-05.png?resize=1200,825 1200w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-05.png?resize=1280,880 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"440\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PR_2024.01.24_religious_nones_1-05.png?w=640\" alt=\"Table shows 62% of religiously unaffiliated adults are Democrats or lean Democratic\" class=\"wp-image-80455 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Return to the report\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/religious-nones-in-america-who-they-are-and-what-they-believe\/\">Overview<\/a>. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Find answers to other questions:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why are \u2018nones\u2019 nonreligious? (<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/why-are-nones-nonreligious\/\">Chapter 2<\/a>)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are \u2018nones\u2019 less involved in civic life than people who identify with a religion? (<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/are-nones-less-involved-in-civic-life-than-people-who-identify-with-a-religion\/\">Chapter 3<\/a>)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are all \u2018nones\u2019 nonbelievers? (<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/are-all-nones-nonbelievers\/\">Chapter 4<\/a>)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are \u2018nones\u2019 spiritual instead of religious? (<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/are-nones-spiritual-instead-of-religious\/\">Chapter 5<\/a>)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are \u2018nones\u2019 hostile toward religion? (<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/are-nones-hostile-toward-religion\/\">Chapter 6<\/a>)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do \u2018nones\u2019 view science? (<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/how-do-nones-view-science\/\">Chapter 7<\/a>)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do \u2018nones\u2019 think about morality? (<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/how-do-nones-think-about-morality\/\">Chapter 8<\/a>)&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Religious \u201cnones\u201d are people who describe themselves as atheist, agnostic or \u201cnothing in particular\u201d when asked about their religious affiliation in our surveys. To measure religious affiliation in the United States, we asked: \u201cWhat is your present religion, if any?\u201d followed by a list of options: Respondents who choose atheist, agnostic or \u201cnothing in particular\u201d [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":581,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"apple_news_api_id":"","apple_news_api_revision":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"","apple_news_api_modified_at":"","apple_news_api_share_url":"","apple_news_api_pending":"","apple_news_is_preview":false,"apple_news_is_hidden":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":false,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[162,169,172,176,160,195],"tags":[],"bylines":[571,975,600,926,744,622],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[517],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-69429","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-inter-religious-relations","category-non-religion-secularism","category-religion-politics-1","category-religion-science-2","category-religious-identity-affiliation","category-religiously-unaffiliated","bylines-asta-kallo","bylines-becka-alper","bylines-michael-rotolo","bylines-gregory-a-smith","bylines-justin-nortey","bylines-patricia-tevington","formats-report","research-teams-religion"],"label":false,"post_parent":69466,"word_count":619,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/who-are-the-nones-how-are-they-defined\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":80662,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PF_23.01.24_nonreligion_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/01\/PF_23.01.24_nonreligion_featured-jpg.webp?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"(Getty 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Who are the \u2018nones\u2019? How are they defined?","slug":"who-are-the-nones-how-are-they-defined","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/who-are-the-nones-how-are-they-defined\/","is_active":true},{"id":69444,"title":"2. Why are \u2018nones\u2019 nonreligious?","slug":"why-are-nones-nonreligious","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/why-are-nones-nonreligious\/","is_active":false},{"id":69503,"title":"3. Are \u2018nones\u2019 less involved in civic life than people who identify with a religion?","slug":"are-nones-less-involved-in-civic-life-than-people-who-identify-with-a-religion","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/are-nones-less-involved-in-civic-life-than-people-who-identify-with-a-religion\/","is_active":false},{"id":69454,"title":"4. Are all \u2018nones\u2019 nonbelievers?","slug":"are-all-nones-nonbelievers","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/are-all-nones-nonbelievers\/","is_active":false},{"id":69533,"title":"5. Are \u2018nones\u2019 spiritual instead of religious?","slug":"are-nones-spiritual-instead-of-religious","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/are-nones-spiritual-instead-of-religious\/","is_active":false},{"id":69490,"title":"6. Are \u2018nones\u2019 hostile toward religion?","slug":"are-nones-hostile-toward-religion","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/are-nones-hostile-toward-religion\/","is_active":false},{"id":69480,"title":"7. How do \u2018nones\u2019 view science?","slug":"how-do-nones-view-science","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/01\/24\/how-do-nones-view-science\/","is_active":false},{"id":69513,"title":"8. 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