{"id":70859,"date":"2021-09-30T09:42:30","date_gmt":"2021-09-30T14:42:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2021\/09\/30\/median-index-scores-for-government-restrictions-social-hostilities-involving-religion-declined-or-remained-stable-in-most-regions-in-2019\/"},"modified":"2025-12-19T16:27:19","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T21:27:19","slug":"median-index-scores-for-government-restrictions-social-hostilities-involving-religion-declined-or-remained-stable-in-most-regions-in-2019","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/09\/30\/median-index-scores-for-government-restrictions-social-hostilities-involving-religion-declined-or-remained-stable-in-most-regions-in-2019\/","title":{"rendered":"3. Median index scores for government restrictions, social hostilities involving religion declined or remained stable in most regions in 2019"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

CORRECTION (Dec. 19, 2025): Two charts and some of the text in this chapter have been revised to correct the SHI median scores for the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, and the Middle East-North Africa region, and to revise Norway\u2019s SHI category. The median scores changed by 0.1 point for each of these three regions. Refer to the errata page<\/a> for details.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Government restrictions by region<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In 2019, the median Government Restrictions Index (GRI) score of the 198 countries and territories in this study remained stable at 2.9, staying at its highest level since Pew Research Center began tracking these measures in 2007 (see Overview<\/a>). The median score on the index decreased in three of the five regions examined \u2013 Asia-Pacific, Middle East-North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa \u2013 while increasing slightly in Europe and remaining about the same in the Americas.[52. numoffset=”52″ The report uses rounded median scores when looking at year-to-year changes in global and regional GRI and SHI medians.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Middle East-North Africa region experienced a small decline in its median GRI score, from 6.2 in 2018 to 6.0 in 2019, it continued to have the highest GRI score of all the regions studied. All 20 countries and territories in the region officially favored a religious group: Islam in 19, and Judaism in one (Israel). In addition, governments in every country in the region interfered in worship and <\/i>harassed religious groups. In more than half of those countries, governments used physical violence against minority groups (12 countries) and formally banned at least one religious group (11 countries). For example, in Egypt, where Islam is the state religion, the law does not formally recognize Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses or members of the Baha\u2019i faith, barring them from owning houses of worship, holding bank accounts and importing religious literature.[53. U.S. Department of State. June 2020. \u201cEgypt<\/a>.\u201d International Religious Freedom Report for 2019.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Asia-Pacific region, the median score on the GRI fell from 4.4 in 2018 to 4.1 in 2019, although it is still higher than it was in 2017 (3.8). The decline in 2019 was due in part to slightly fewer governments in the region using force against religious groups or attempting to remove a religious group from their country. (See GRI.Q.19 and GRI.Q.17 in Appendix D<\/a> for more information on these measures.) Still, government force against religious groups occurred in more than half the countries in the region (28 of 50) in 2019, the second-highest share of any region studied.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In China, various sources estimated that more than a million Uyghur Muslims, ethnic Kazakhs, members of other Muslim groups and Uyghur Christians were being arbitrarily detained by government authorities in internment camps in Xinjiang province. While imprisoned, these individuals were subject to \u201cforced disappearance, political indoctrination, torture,\u201d and psychological and physical abuse, \u201cincluding forced sterilization and sexual abuse, forced labor, and prolonged detention without trial because of their religion and ethnicity,\u201d according to the U.S. Department of State. In addition, about half a million children in Xinjiang province were reported to have been separated from their families and relocated to boarding schools, where they were indoctrinated in the country\u2019s dominant ethnic Han culture in an effort to stem the influence of religion from their homes.[54. U.S. Department of State. June 2020. \u201cChina – Xinjiang<\/a>.\u201d International Religious Freedom Report for 2019. See also Human Rights Watch. July 10, 2019. \u201cUN: Unprecedented Joint Call for China to End Xinjiang Abuses.<\/a>\u201d]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harassment or intimidation of religious groups and interference in worship remained widespread in the rest of the Asia-Pacific region as well, with such restrictions occurring in at least 70% of countries in the region. In Vietnam, for instance, Catholic bishops and priests reported that they were harassed by authorities who disrupted or prevented their services and gatherings. In April, a Catholic community in the country\u2019s Lai Chau province was denied permission to hold Easter Mass.[55. U.S. Department of State. June 2020. \u201cVietnam<\/a>.\u201d International Religious Freedom Report for 2019.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Europe was the only region that had a small increase in its median level of government restrictions, ticking up from 2.8 in 2018 to 2.9 in 2019. According to sources used for this study, authorities in 24 of 45 European countries failed to protect religious groups from discrimination or abuse, up from 16 countries in 2018. For example, in Moldova, police initially refused to investigate a report that a Jehovah\u2019s Witness was physically assaulted for preaching in a village, and when the authorities did <\/i>look into the matter, they fined the Jehovah\u2019s Witness for \u201cinsulting religious feelings\u201d of a local Orthodox priest. (They also fined the priest, who had organized a harassment campaign against Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses preaching in the area, for \u201cobstructing religious freedom.\u201d[56. U.S. Department of State. June 2020. \u201cMoldova<\/a>.\u201d International Religious Freedom Report for 2019.]) Meanwhile, in the Netherlands, there were reports that people who brought claims of anti-Semitic harassment or other incidents of discrimination were not taken seriously by the police or were discouraged from filing charges. In response to these reports, the Dutch parliament passed a nonbinding resolution in 2019 that called for special detectives to address cases of anti-Semitism and other incidents of discrimination.[57. U.S. Department of State. June 2020. \u201cThe Netherlands<\/a>.\u201d International Religious Freedom Report for 2019.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There also was a small uptick in the number of European countries where governments used force against religious groups, from 17 in 2018 to 19 in 2019, though most European countries had fewer than 10 reported cases of such incidents. Russia had the highest number of cases in the region; its government continued to enforce a 2017 ban on Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses, labeling their activities as \u201cextremist\u201d and raiding nearly 500 homes of Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses in 2019, compared with under 300 in 2018, according to Human Rights Watch.[58. U.S. Department of State. June 2020. \u201cRussia<\/a>.\u201d International Religious Freedom Report for 2019.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In sub-Saharan Africa, the median GRI score in the region\u2019s 48 countries declined from 2.7 in 2018 to 2.6 in 2019, due in part to slightly fewer reports of government limits on public preaching, religious conversions and foreign missionaries. At the same time, more governments in sub-Saharan Africa interfered in worship and harassed or intimidated religious groups, including by force. In Comoros, for example, authorities in 2019 arrested at least 30 Shiite Muslims for group worship that was \u201cnot conforming to the state-endorsed version of Sunni Islam.\u201d[59. U.S. Department of State. June 2020. \u201cComoros<\/a>.\u201d International Religious Freedom Report for 2019.] And in Togo, authorities suspended worship at five churches for failing to respond to noise complaints.[60. U.S. Department of State. June 2020. \u201cTogo<\/a>.\u201d International Religious Freedom Report for 2019.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The median government restrictions score for the Americas remained at 2.0 in 2019, the lowest of all regions studied.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Government<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Social hostilities by region<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"Social<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In 2019, the global median score on the Social Hostilities Index (SHI) fell to a five-year low of 1.7. The Asia-Pacific region, Middle East-North Africa region and sub-Saharan Africa all experienced declines on this index, while the scores for the Americas and Europe remained stable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In sub-Saharan Africa, the median score on the Social Hostilities Index fell from 2.0 in 2018 to 1.7 in 2019. This was partly because fewer countries reported hostilities over conversions and fewer reported activities by organized groups that used force or coercion in an attempt to dominate public life with their perspectives on religion. (See SHI.Q.7 in Appendix D<\/a> for more information on this measure and all other measures in each index of this study.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The median level of social hostilities also decreased in the Asia-Pacific region (from 2.1 in 2018 to 1.8 in 2019) and the Middle East-North Africa region (from 3.8 to 3.7 \u2013 its lowest point since 2007, the first year of the study). In both regions, there were fewer countries with religion-related terrorist incidents and fewer countries with mob violence related to religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the median score for Europe stayed at 2.2 for the second straight year. The median SHI score for the Americas also remained stable at 0.7 and was the lowest score among all regions in the study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Social<\/a><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

CORRECTION (Dec. 19, 2025): Two charts and some of the text in this chapter have been revised to correct the SHI median scores for the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, and the Middle East-North Africa region, and to revise Norway\u2019s SHI category. The median scores changed by 0.1 point for each of these three regions. 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