{"id":88245,"date":"2016-07-18T10:51:24","date_gmt":"2016-07-18T15:51:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2016\/07\/18\/election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T04:18:20","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T09:18:20","slug":"election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news\/","title":{"rendered":"Election 2016: Campaigns as a Direct Source of News"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sixteen years after Pew Research Center\u2019s first study of digital communication in a presidential campaign, social media is central to candidates\u2019 outreach to the public, changing the role and nature of the campaign website. While the candidate website still serves as a hub for information and organization, it has become leaner and less interactive compared with four years ago. Campaigns are active on social media though even here the message remains a very controlled one, leaving fewer ways overall for most voters to engage and take part.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news\/pj_2016-07-18_election-2016_0-01\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-57191\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-57191\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_0-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-attachid=\"57191\"><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"p1 wp-block-paragraph\"><span class=\"s1\">Two separate studies, <\/span><span class=\"s2\">one examining the official\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/presidential-candidates-changing-relationship-with-the-web\">campaign websites<\/a> <\/span><span class=\"s2\">of Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump from May 1 \u2013 June 15, 2016, and another looking at the content posted on the candidates\u2019\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/candidates-differ-in-their-use-of-social-media-to-connect-with-the-public\">Facebook and Twitter<\/a> <\/span><span class=\"s3\">accounts<\/span><span class=\"s2\"> from May 11 \u2013 May 31, 2016, find that:<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Clinton\u2019s campaign has almost entirely bypassed the news media while Trump draws heavily on news articles. <\/strong>Clinton\u2019s website offers two main sections for campaign news updates, both of which mimic the look and feel of a digital news publisher, but oriented around original content produced in-house. Trump, on the other hand, mostly posts stories from outside news media on his website. This pattern is also evident on social media, where 78% of Trump\u2019s links in Facebook posts send readers to news media stories while 80% of Clinton\u2019s direct followers to campaign pages. On Twitter, a similar tendency emerges in what each links to. Sanders, for the most part, falls in between the two.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>On websites, citizen content is minimized or excluded altogether; in social media, Trump stands out for highlighting posts by members of the public.\u00a0<\/strong>Unlike previous cycles, none of the sites offers the user the option to create a personal fundraising page, nor do their news verticals have comment sections. And only Sanders affords supporters the ability to make calls on his behalf, offering customized scripts; the other candidates limit outreach to donation requests and email and volunteer sign-ups. Moreover, it was rare for any of the three to repost material on social media from outsiders (there were almost no re-shares on Facebook and only about two-in-ten tweets from any of the candidates were retweets). Only Trump tended to include members of the public in his reposts: 78% of his retweets were from members of the public, compared with none of Clinton\u2019s and 2% of Sanders\u2019. Trump\u2019s focus on the public also stands apart from 2012, when only 3% of Obama\u2019s tweets during the period studied and none of Romney\u2019s retweeted members of the general public.\n<strong>\nNone of the three websites featured any distinct section addressing specific voting groups or segments of the population \u2013 a popular feature of campaign websites in 2008 and 2012.<\/strong> In 2012, Obama\u2019s campaign offered opportunities to join 18 different constituency groups, while visitors to Romney\u2019s website could choose from nine different voter group pages. In 2008, both candidates offered around 20 such dedicated pages. In 2016, this feature is no longer present. There are still \u201cissue\u201d pages which explain the candidate\u2019s position on certain issues but do not allow for longer-term ways for voters to identify with the candidate or connect with other supporters.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news\/pj_2016-07-18_election-2016_0-02\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-57192\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-57192\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_0-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-attachid=\"57192\"><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Facebook and Twitter usher in a new age in audiovisual capabilities. Candidates were already experimenting with regularly posting videos in 2008 and 2012 as YouTube increased in popularity, though to a minimal degree. By contrast, Clinton posted about five videos a day on Facebook and Twitter during the time period studied and embedded video in about a quarter of both her total tweets and Facebook posts. Trump, who averaged about one video a day on social media, was least likely to include regularly updated videos on either social platform (only 2% of his tweets, for example).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are some of the findings from a two-part study of how the presidential campaigns serve as direct sources of news and information to the public. The analyses of <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/candidates-differ-in-their-use-of-social-media-to-connect-with-the-public\">social media posts<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/presidential-candidates-changing-relationship-with-the-web\/\">websites<\/a> represent a time period in the campaign when Trump had become the presumptive Republican nominee and Clinton was still trying to secure the nomination as Sanders fought on. Also included is a look over time at <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/digital-news-developments-in-u-s-presidential-campaigns-2000-2016\">evolution of campaign information available online<\/a>, from web portals and news sites to the websites of the presidential campaigns themselves.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today\u2019s presidential candidates are increasingly prioritizing social media outreach, while the role of campaign websites is shifting.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":294,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[{"key":"a66782e4-cac0-4dbf-bce0-d79bd76bc2b6","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_FINAL.pdf","attachmentId":110085},{"key":"fb6ec9fc-08b1-41e7-82f1-8a583f222a17","type":"topline","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_TOPLINE.pdf","attachmentId":110087}],"multiSectionReport":[{"key":"_migrate_0","postId":88236},{"key":"_migrate_1","postId":88228},{"key":"_migrate_2","postId":88217},{"key":"_migrate_3","postId":88204},{"key":"_migrate_4","postId":88196}],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[],"tags":[],"bylines":[2199],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[527],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-88245","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","bylines-pew-research-center-journalism-media-staff","formats-report","research-teams-journalism"],"label":false,"post_parent":0,"word_count":699,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":110094,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_featured.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":110094,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":110094,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_featured.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":110094,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":110094,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_featured.png?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":110094,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_featured.png?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":88245,"title":"Election 2016: Campaigns as a Direct Source of News","slug":"election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news\/","is_active":true},{"id":88236,"title":"1. Presidential candidates\u2019 changing relationship with the web","slug":"presidential-candidates-changing-relationship-with-the-web","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/presidential-candidates-changing-relationship-with-the-web\/","is_active":false},{"id":88228,"title":"2. Candidates differ in their use of social media to connect with the public","slug":"candidates-differ-in-their-use-of-social-media-to-connect-with-the-public","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/candidates-differ-in-their-use-of-social-media-to-connect-with-the-public\/","is_active":false},{"id":88217,"title":"3. Digital news developments in U.S. presidential campaigns, 2000-2016","slug":"digital-news-developments-in-u-s-presidential-campaigns-2000-2016","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/digital-news-developments-in-u-s-presidential-campaigns-2000-2016\/","is_active":false},{"id":88204,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":88196,"title":"Methodology","slug":"election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news-methodology","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news-methodology\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"a66782e4-cac0-4dbf-bce0-d79bd76bc2b6","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_FINAL.pdf","label":"","icon":"","attachmentId":110085},{"key":"fb6ec9fc-08b1-41e7-82f1-8a583f222a17","type":"topline","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/07\/PJ_2016.07.18_election-2016_TOPLINE.pdf","label":"","icon":"","attachmentId":110087}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":88245,"title":"Election 2016: Campaigns as a Direct Source of News","slug":"election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news\/","is_active":true,"page_num":1},"next_post":{"id":88236,"title":"1. Presidential candidates\u2019 changing relationship with the web","slug":"presidential-candidates-changing-relationship-with-the-web","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/presidential-candidates-changing-relationship-with-the-web\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},"previous_post":null,"pagination_items":[{"id":88245,"title":"Election 2016: Campaigns as a Direct Source of News","slug":"election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news\/","is_active":true,"page_num":1},{"id":88236,"title":"1. Presidential candidates\u2019 changing relationship with the web","slug":"presidential-candidates-changing-relationship-with-the-web","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/presidential-candidates-changing-relationship-with-the-web\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":88228,"title":"2. Candidates differ in their use of social media to connect with the public","slug":"candidates-differ-in-their-use-of-social-media-to-connect-with-the-public","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/candidates-differ-in-their-use-of-social-media-to-connect-with-the-public\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":88217,"title":"3. Digital news developments in U.S. presidential campaigns, 2000-2016","slug":"digital-news-developments-in-u-s-presidential-campaigns-2000-2016","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/digital-news-developments-in-u-s-presidential-campaigns-2000-2016\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":88204,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":88196,"title":"Methodology","slug":"election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news-methodology","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/07\/18\/election-2016-campaigns-as-a-direct-source-of-news-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"Election 2016: Campaigns as a Direct Source of 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