{"id":13685,"date":"2015-01-15T14:38:48","date_gmt":"2015-01-15T19:38:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/%year%\/%monthnum%\/%day%\/immigration\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T03:20:15","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T08:20:15","slug":"immigration","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2015\/01\/15\/immigration\/","title":{"rendered":"Unauthorized Immigrants: Who they are and what the public thinks"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The U.S. is a nation of immigrants. But unauthorized immigrants and U.S. immigration policy have become a source of political debate, with\u00a0Congress and President Obama disagreeing over the best course of action to address issues such as deportations, shielding unauthorized immigrants from deportation, securing the border, and overhauling the nation&#8217;s legal immigration system. That debate comes as the U.S. marks the 50th anniversary of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/us-immigration-since-1965\">1965 Immigration Act<\/a> that has provided the foundation of today&#8217;s immigration laws.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For years, the Pew Research Center has estimated the size and characteristics of the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population and surveyed Americans\u00a0about immigration policy. Here are\u00a0key findings.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Americans are divided over the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/blogs\/wonkblog\/wp\/2014\/11\/19\/your-complete-guide-to-obamas-immigration-order\/\">executive action<\/a> President Obama announced last November expanding the number of undocumented immigrants permitted to work and stay in the U.S.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/12\/11\/immigration-action-gets-mixed-response-but-legal-pathway-still-popular\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-266305\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2014\/11\/FT_Obama_Action.png\" alt=\"The public is divided over President Obama\u2019s recent executive action that expands the number of undocumented immigrants permitted to stay and work in the U.S\" ><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About as many disapprove (50%) as approve (46%) of Obama\u2019s action, which could make <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2014\/11\/20\/those-from-mexico-will-benefit-most-from-obamas-executive-action\/\">up to 4 million people<\/a> newly eligible for deportation relief, <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/12\/11\/immigration-action-gets-mixed-response-but-legal-pathway-still-popular\/\">according to a survey last December<\/a>. About\u00a0eight-in-ten Republicans (82%) disapprove of the executive action and about seven-in-ten Democrats (71%) approve of it, with very strong attitudes on both sides.\u00a0Hispanics overwhelmingly support the deportation-relief action: 81% approve, including 59% who very strongly approve. But non-Hispanic whites disapprove of it by nearly two-to-one (62% vs. 34%), with nearly half (49%) disapproving very strongly.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Unauthorized immigrants from Mexico will benefit most under Obama&#8217;s executive actions.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><script src=\"http:\/\/static.parsely.com\/code\/ptrack_engaged_time_1.0.js\" type=\"mce-no\/type\"><\/script>According to a <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2014\/11\/20\/those-from-mexico-will-benefit-most-from-obamas-executive-action\/\">Pew Research analysis<\/a>, 44% of unauthorized immigrants from Mexico could apply for deportation protection\u00a0under the new programs, compared with\u00a024% of those from other parts of the world.\u00a0The largest group who stand to\u00a0benefit\u2014 at least 3.5 million, according to estimates of 2012 data \u2014\u00a0consists of unauthorized immigrant parents who have lived in the U.S. for at least five years and have children who either were born in the U.S. or are legal permanent residents.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>There were 11.2 million\u00a0unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. as of 2012.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/chapter-1-state-unauthorized-immigrant-populations\/#long-term-trend-comes-to-a-halt\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-265020\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2014\/11\/KDP_Level_Off.png\" alt=\"Growth in unauthorized immigration in the U.S. has leveled off.\" ><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> The total number of unauthorized immigrants living in the U.S. has not changed since 2009, standing at 11. 2 million in 2012. <em>(A\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/09\/03\/as-growth-stalls-unauthorized-immigrant-population-becomes-more-settled\/\"><em>preliminary Pew Research estimate<\/em><\/a><em> put the 2013 population of unauthorized immigrants at 11.3 million, statistically unchanged from the 2012 figure.)\u00a0<\/em>Before then, the unauthorized immigration population <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/chapter-1-state-unauthorized-immigrant-populations\/#long-term-trend-comes-to-a-halt\">had risen rapidly<\/a>, from 3.5 million in 1990 to a peak of 12.2 million in 2007, the year that the\u00a0Great Recession began. Another major trend has been\u00a0the <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/unauthorized-immigrant-totals-rise-in-7-states-fall-in-14\/#decrease-in-unauthorized-immigrants-from-mexico\">decline in the number of unauthorized immigrants from Mexico<\/a>, falling\u00a0to 5.9 million in 2012 from a peak of 6.9 million in 2007.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>About half\u00a0of the unauthorized immigrant population in the U.S. comes from Mexico.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/chapter-2-birthplaces-of-u-s-unauthorized-immigrants\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-266362\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2016\/11\/FT_Immigrant_Region.png\" alt=\"Unauthorized immigrant population by region of birth.\" ><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mexico has been <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/chapter-2-birthplaces-of-u-s-unauthorized-immigrants\/\">the top source of the number of unauthorized immigrants<\/a> since at least 1995, and today accounts for about half the total. Ranking second is El Salvador (675,000 in 2012), followed by Guatemala (525,000), India (450,000), Honduras (350,000), China (300,000) and the Philippines (200,000). But largely because of a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/unauthorized-immigrant-totals-rise-in-7-states-fall-in-14\/#decrease-in-unauthorized-immigrants-from-mexico\">marked decline in Mexican unauthorized immigrants<\/a> since 2009, the shares of unauthorized immigrants from other nations and regions have grown.\u00a0The sudden reversal of a long trend of growth in the number of Mexican unauthorized immigrants probably results from both a marked decline in new arrivals and an increase in departures to Mexico.<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/unauthorized-immigrant-totals-rise-in-7-states-fall-in-14\/\"><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>While the number of unauthorized immigrants leveled off nationally from 2009 to 2012, there were increases in seven states and declines in 14.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/unauthorized-immigrant-totals-rise-in-7-states-fall-in-14\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eae4da\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eae4da;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"324\" height=\"461\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/11\/FT_Unauthorized_Map.png?resize=324,461 324w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" class=\"wp-image-25340 not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/11\/FT_Unauthorized_Map.png\" alt=\"Unauthorized immigration populations rose or fell in 21 states.\" ><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Six states \u2014 California, Texas, Florida, New York, New Jersey and Illinois \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/chapter-1-state-unauthorized-immigrant-populations\/#states-that-grew-or-declined\">accounted for 60% of unauthorized immigrants<\/a> in 2012. But illustrating the <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/unauthorized-immigrant-totals-rise-in-7-states-fall-in-14\/\">shifting trends in immigration patterns<\/a>\u00a0within the U.S., five East Coast states were among those seeing increases in the number of unauthorized immigrants from 2009 to 2012: Florida, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Meanwhile, the unauthorized immigrant population declined in six Western states, including California and Nevada, which have been popular\u00a0destinations for those immigrants. In 13 of the 14 states where there were declines in the unauthorized immigrant population, the chief factor was the drop in the number of unauthorized immigrants from Mexico.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Most Americans support a way for unauthorized immigrants to gain legal status if they meet certain requirements.<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/12\/11\/immigration-action-gets-mixed-response-but-legal-pathway-still-popular\/\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/12\/11\/immigration-action-gets-mixed-response-but-legal-pathway-still-popular\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-266322\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2016\/11\/KDP_Legal_Status.png\" alt=\"70% of Americans say there should be a way for undocumented immigrants to stay in the country legally, if they meet certain requirements.\" ><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Seven-in-ten Americans <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/12\/11\/immigration-action-gets-mixed-response-but-legal-pathway-still-popular\/\">support a way for undocumented immigrants to gain legal status<\/a> if certain requirements are met.\u00a0Most of those who support legal status think there should be a way for unauthorized immigrants to become citizens (43% overall), while 24% say the path should only include permanent residency. About eight-in-ten (83%) Democrats favor a pathway to legal status compared with\u00a053% of Republicans.\u00a0Majorities of blacks (75%) and whites (64%) continue to say undocumented immigrants should be allowed to stay in the U.S. legally if certain requirements are met. And about\u00a0nine-in-ten (92%) Hispanics continue to support a pathway to legal status.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Republicans are more likely to say\u00a0tougher law enforcement and stepped up border security is the top priority. Democrats are more likely to favor putting equal priority on tougher enforcement as well as finding a way for those in the U.S. illegally to become citizens.<\/b><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/09\/03\/more-prioritize-border-security-in-immigration-debate\/#partisan-gap\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-265024\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2014\/11\/KDP_Partisan_Split1.png\" alt=\"KDP_Partisan_Split\" ><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">About four-in-ten (41%) Americans said in an <\/span><a style=\"line-height: 1.5;\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/09\/03\/more-prioritize-border-security-in-immigration-debate\/#immig-priority\">August 2014 survey<\/a><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"> that equal priority should be given to providing a path to citizenship for those here illegally\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">and\u00a0<\/em><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">to better border security and enforcement, while 33% put the emphasis on tougher enforcement and 23% prioritized the pathway to citizenship. About\u00a0half\u00a0(53%) of Republicans said the priority should be tougher border controls and enforcement while just 36% favored equal\u00a0emphasis on both priorities.\u00a0In contrast, 45% of Democrats favored equal emphasis on both priorities while 33% said the focus should be on finding a way for those here illegally to become citizens if they meet certain requirements. Among Latino registered voters, 84% said in a <\/span><a style=\"line-height: 1.5;\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/10\/29\/chapter-5-hispanics-and-their-views-of-immigration-reform\/#latinos-priorities-on-immigration-policy\">Sept.-Oct. survey<\/a><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"> that creating a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants should either be the top priority (46%) or just as important as better border security (38%).<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>U.S. deportations of immigrants reached a record high in 2013.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2014\/10\/02\/u-s-deportations-of-immigrants-reach-record-high-in-2013\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-265031\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2014\/11\/KDP_Deport_Record.png\" alt=\"U.S. deportations of immigrants reached a record high in 2013.\" ><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Obama administration deported a record 438,421 unauthorized immigrants in fiscal year 2013, continuing a streak of stepped up enforcement that has resulted in more than 2 million deportations since Obama took office, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2014\/10\/02\/u-s-deportations-of-immigrants-reach-record-high-in-2013\/\">Department of Homeland Security data<\/a>. Up to that point, the current administration deported about as many immigrants in five years as the George W. Bush administration deported in eight years. A <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/02\/27\/public-divided-over-increased-deportation-of-unauthorized-immigrants\/\">survey conducted in February<\/a> found the public evenly divided over whether the increase in deportations was a good or a bad thing.<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/10\/29\/chapter-5-hispanics-and-their-views-of-immigration-reform\/#views-on-deportation-policy\"><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/10\/29\/chapter-5-hispanics-and-their-views-of-immigration-reform\/#views-on-deportation-policy\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-266341\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2016\/11\/FT_Deport_Relief2.png\" alt=\"Among Latinos, relief from deportation still seen as more important than pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants.\" ><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U.S. Hispanics say relief from the threat of deportation is more important than a pathway to citizenship.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among U.S. Hispanics, a larger share &#8212; by 56% to 35% &#8212; said in a <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/10\/29\/chapter-5-hispanics-and-their-views-of-immigration-reform\/#views-on-deportation-policy\">Sept.-Oct. 2014 survey<\/a> that it is more important that unauthorized immigrants be able to live and work in the U.S. without threat of deportation than have a pathway to citizenship. Among Hispanic adults, immigrants (59%) are more likely than U.S.-born Hispanics (54%) to say that being able to live and work legally is more important. Among Latino registered voters, 51% say deportation relief is more important than a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants. Meanwhile, four-in-ten Latino voters say the opposite.<script src=\"\/\/s7.addthis.com\/static\/r07\/menu170.js\" type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a 2013 survey, 46% of Hispanics said <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2013\/12\/18\/3-views-about-unauthorized-immigrants-and-deportation-worries\/#deportation-worries\">they worried \u201ca lot\u201d<\/a> (25%) or \u201csome\u201d (21%) that they themselves, a family member or a close friend could be deported.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>As the number of\u00a0unauthorized immigrants levels off, those who remain in the country\u00a0are more likely to be long-term residents and live with their U.S.-born children.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/09\/03\/as-growth-stalls-unauthorized-immigrant-population-becomes-more-settled\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-265033\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2014\/11\/KDP_Immigrants_Residency.png\" alt=\"The slowdown in new arrivals of unauthorized immigrants means that those who remain are more likely to be long-term residents, and to live with their U.S.-born children.\" ><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among the nation\u2019s 10.4 million unauthorized adults, a shrinking share have been in the country for less than five years \u2014 15% in 2012, compared with 38% in 2000. A <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/09\/03\/as-growth-stalls-unauthorized-immigrant-population-becomes-more-settled\/\">rising share have lived in the U.S. for a decade or more<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 62% in 2012, compared with 35% in 2000. About a fifth (21%) have been in the U.S. for two decades or more, as of 2012.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Children with at least one unauthorized immigrant parent made up 6.9% of\u00a0students enrolled in kindergarten through 12th\u00a0grade in the U.S.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/chapter-1-state-unauthorized-immigrant-populations\/#students-with-unauthorized-immigrant-parents\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-266350\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2016\/11\/KDP_K12_Students.png\" alt=\"Share of K-12 Students with Unauthorized Immigrant Parent(s), 1995-2012\" ><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among elementary and secondary school students with unauthorized immigrant parents, the <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/chapter-1-state-unauthorized-immigrant-populations\/#students-with-unauthorized-immigrant-parents\">U.S.-born share has grown since 2007<\/a> while the share who are themselves unauthorized immigrants has declined. Most (5.5% of all students) are U.S.-born children who are U.S. citizens at birth. The rest (1.4%) are unauthorized immigrants themselves.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Unauthorized immigrants account for one-in-twenty people in the U.S. workforce.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/chapter-1-state-unauthorized-immigrant-populations\/#one-in-twenty-people-in-the-labor-force\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-266353\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2016\/11\/KDP_Immigrants_Labor.png\" alt=\"Unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. Labor force, 1995-2012\" ><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unauthorized immigrants <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/hispanic\/2014\/11\/18\/chapter-1-state-unauthorized-immigrant-populations\/#one-in-twenty-people-in-the-labor-force\">accounted for one-in-twenty people in the labor force<\/a>, or 8.1 million people in 2012, but the share is markedly higher in some states, especially those with high shares of unauthorized immigrants in the population (like Nevada, California and Texas).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>See\u00a0our <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2015\/01\/20\/state-of-the-union-2015\/\">overview on President Obama&#8217;s 2015 State of the Union<\/a>,\u00a0and read our related fact sheets on <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/key-data-points\/privacy\/\">privacy and cybersecurity<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/key-data-points\/us-economy\/\">the economy<\/a>, and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/key-data-points\/environment-energy-2\/\">energy and the environment<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Immigration continues to loom as a major issue in 2015, following President Obama&#8217;s executive actions last year expanding the number of undocumented immigrants permitted to work and stay in the U.S. A roundup of facts about unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. and public 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