{"id":7773,"date":"2024-03-28T13:50:19","date_gmt":"2024-03-28T18:50:19","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-04-23T23:58:42","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T03:58:42","slug":"5-facts-about-muslims-and-christians-in-indonesia","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/03\/28\/5-facts-about-muslims-and-christians-in-indonesia\/","title":{"rendered":"5 facts about Muslims and Christians in Indonesia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-640-wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_feature.png?w=640\" alt=\"Indonesian Christians attend a Christmas Eve service at a church in Surabaya on Dec. 24, 2016; Muslims take part in morning prayer to celebrate Eid al-Fitr, marking the end of Ramadan, in Bogor on April 21, 2023. (Photos by Juni Kriswanto and Aditya Aji, both AFP via Getty Images) \" class=\"wp-image-453397\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Indonesian Christians attend a Christmas Eve service at a church in Surabaya on Dec. 24, 2016; Muslims take part in morning prayer to celebrate Eid al-Fitr, marking the end of Ramadan, in Bogor on April 21, 2023. (Photos by Juni Kriswanto and Aditya Aji, both AFP via Getty Images) <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Indonesia is home to more Muslims than any other country, but it also has a large population of Christians. The country\u2019s religious pluralism is again in the spotlight following the recent election of Prabowo Subianto as president. Prabowo has previously received support from religiously conservative Muslim groups. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As the Prabowo era begins, here are five facts about Muslims and Christians in Indonesia, based on Indonesian government statistics, recent Pew Research Center studies and other sources.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This analysis examines religious pluralism in Indonesia. It combines data from Indonesian government records and recent Pew Research Center studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Data on the religious makeup of Indonesia comes from a <a href=\"https:\/\/satudata.kemenag.go.id\/dataset\/detail\/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama\">registry maintained by the Ministry of Religious Affairs<\/a> for the year 2022. Data on the religious makeup of the House of Representatives, or DPR, comes from our analysis of 572 representatives\u2019 profiles available on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpr.go.id\/anggota\">DPR\u2019s website<\/a>, collected in December 2023. Opinion data comes from our nationally representative survey of 2,571 Indonesians conducted as part of a broader study of attitudes in six South and Southeast Asian countries. The survey was fielded from June 1 to Sept. 4, 2022, and results previously were reported in <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/09\/12\/buddhism-islam-and-religious-pluralism-in-south-and-southeast-asia\/\">\u201cBuddhism, Islam and Religious Pluralism in South and Southeast Asia.\u201d<\/a> Data on Indonesian government restrictions comes from our report covering <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/globally-government-restrictions-on-religion-reached-peak-levels-in-2021-while-social-hostilities-went-down\/\">restrictions on religion around the world in 2021<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Indonesia is about 87% Muslim and 11% Christian. <\/strong>Roughly 242 million Muslims and 29 million Christians live in Indonesia, according to data released by the <a href=\"https:\/\/satudata.kemenag.go.id\/dataset\/detail\/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama\">Ministry of Religious Affairs<\/a> in 2022. The remaining Indonesians mostly identify as Hindu, Buddhist or Confucian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Indonesia\u2019s Christians are scattered and make up majorities in many of the country\u2019s least populous provinces. For example, the six provinces on the island of Papua in the far east of Indonesia hold 2% of the country\u2019s overall population but 15% of its Christian population. While Christians make up a relatively small share of Indonesia\u2019s population, they account for a larger percentage of elected officials. About 15% of representatives to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpr.go.id\/en\">House of Representatives<\/a>, known as the DPR, are Christian, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpr.go.id\/anggota\">official government profiles<\/a> from 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Muslims and Christians in Indonesia disagree over Islam\u2019s importance to Indonesian identity. <\/strong>An overwhelming majority of Muslims (86%) say it is very important to be Muslim <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/09\/12\/religious-diversity-and-national-identity\/\">to be truly Indonesian<\/a>, according to our <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/09\/12\/buddhism-islam-and-religious-pluralism-in-south-and-southeast-asia\/\">2022 survey of South and Southeast Asia<\/a>. In contrast, 21% of Christians say being Muslim is key to being truly Indonesian. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of Muslims also favor <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/09\/12\/religion-and-politics-2\/\">making sharia the official law of the land<\/a>. (For more on religion and national identity around the world, read <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2024\/01\/18\/views-on-the-importance-of-religion-to-national-identity\/\">\u201cLanguage and Traditions Are Considered Central to National Identity.\u201d<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide is-resized\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-7970\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/03\/28\/5-facts-about-muslims-and-christians-in-indonesia\/sr_24-03-28_indonesia_1-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ece9e7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_1.png?resize=480,213 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_1.png?resize=782,347 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_1.png?resize=960,426 960w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_1.png?resize=1200,533 1200w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_1.png?resize=1280,568 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"284\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_1.png?w=640\" alt=\"A diverging bar chart showing that Muslims are more likely than Christians to view Islam as fundamental to Indonesian national identity.\" class=\"wp-image-7970 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ece9e7; width:640px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Both Muslims and Christians are more likely to view religious diversity as beneficial than as harmful. <\/strong>Very few members of either religious group (6% each) say that having a mix of different religions, ethnicities and cultures makes Indonesia a <em>worse<\/em> place to live. But Christians are more inclined than Muslims to feel that <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/09\/12\/religious-diversity-and-national-identity\/\">diversity makes the country better<\/a> (67% vs. 49%). A substantial minority of Muslims (43%) say religious, ethnic and cultural diversity makes no difference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similarly, an overwhelming majority of Christians (84%) say they would be <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/09\/12\/religious-diversity-and-national-identity\/\">willing to accept<\/a> Hindus as neighbors, compared with two-thirds of Muslims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide is-resized\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-7972\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/03\/28\/5-facts-about-muslims-and-christians-in-indonesia\/sr_24-03-28_indonesia_2-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ece8e4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_2.png?resize=480,325 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_2.png?resize=782,529 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_2.png?resize=840,568 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"433\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_2.png?w=640\" alt=\"A bar chart showing that two thirds of Christians say religious diversity makes\nIndonesia a better place to live.\" class=\"wp-image-7972 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ece8e4; width:420px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Indonesians of both religions overwhelmingly prefer a democratic form of government. <\/strong>In our <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/09\/12\/religion-and-politics-2\/\">2022 survey<\/a>, we asked Indonesians to choose between a \u201cdemocratic form of government\u201d or a \u201cleader with a strong hand\u201d as the better option to solve their country\u2019s problems. Among both Muslims and Christians, 85% prefer a democratic form of government. And majorities of Muslims (76%) and Christians (71%) alike believe that people should be able to publicly criticize the government if they disagree with its actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Indonesia officially espouses freedom of religion \u2013 but it also tightly regulates it. <\/strong>The country\u2019s constitution guarantees Indonesians the right to choose their own religion and the freedom to worship according to their own beliefs. At the same time, the constitution and the state philosophy of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Pancasila\">\u201cPancasila\u201d<\/a> promote faith <a href=\"https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Indonesia_2002\">\u201cin the One and Only God.\u201d<\/a> Each Indonesian adult must list a religion on their national identity card. \u201cNo religion\u201d is not an available option. Indonesians who leave the field blank or who choose a religion other than the six mentioned in Indonesia\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/themes\/custom\/unhcr_rw\/pdf-js\/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Flegacy-pdf%2Fen%2F2014-11%2F547593d04.pdf#%5B%7B%22num%22%3A22%2C%22gen%22%3A0%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22XYZ%22%7D%2C82%2C479%2C0%5D\">Blasphemy Law<\/a> (Muslim, Protestant, Catholic, Buddhist, Hindu or Confucian) may have <a href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2022\/10\/in-indonesia-a-rising-tide-of-religious-intolerance\/\">difficulty accessing government and financial services<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to news reports, local governments in Indonesia have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.benarnews.org\/english\/news\/indonesian\/tolerance-11062020170903.html\">stopped the construction<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucanews.com\/news\/indonesian-district-to-demolish-ahmadi-house-of-worship\/95731\">ordered the demolition<\/a> of houses of worship for religious minorities, and a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asianews.it\/news-en\/Supreme-Court-bans-interfaith-marriages-58840.html\">recent Supreme Court ruling<\/a> called on lower courts to abide by a 1974 law banning interfaith marriages. Also, Indonesia has enforced anti-blasphemy laws against its citizens, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2019\/1\/24\/ex-jakarta-governor-ahok-jailed-for-blasphemy-freed\">Jakarta\u2019s former governor<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Pew Research Center\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/03\/05\/globally-government-restrictions-on-religion-reached-peak-levels-in-2021-while-social-hostilities-went-down\/\">most recent report<\/a> tracking global levels of religious restrictions, Indonesia ranks in the \u201cvery high\u201d category for government restrictions on religion.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Indonesia is about 87% Muslim and 11% Christian. Roughly 242 million Muslims and 29 million Christians live in Indonesia.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":658,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2024-03-28T17:50:37Z","apple_news_api_id":"119ee11f-0803-424c-a3e5-bb357eb85332","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2024-03-28T18:55:02Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/AEZ7hHwgDQkyj5bs1frhTMg","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":false,"apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":false,"apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"apple_news_api_pending":"1713063225","relatedPosts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0},"categories":[179,162,191,168],"bylines":[587],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[507,514],"research-teams":[517],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-7773","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","hentry","category-christianity","category-inter-religious-relations","category-muslims-around-the-world","category-religious-freedom-restrictions","bylines-caileigh-stirling","formats-short-read","regions-countries-asia-pacific","regions-countries-international","research-teams-religion"],"label":"Short Read","post_parent":0,"word_count":831,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/03\/28\/5-facts-about-muslims-and-christians-in-indonesia\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":7968,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_feature.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_feature.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"Indonesian Christians attend a Christmas Eve service at a church in Surabaya on Dec. 24, 2016; Muslims take part in morning prayer to celebrate Eid al-Fitr, marking the end of Ramadan, in Bogor on April 21, 2023. (Photos by Juni Kriswanto and Aditya Aji, both AFP via Getty Images) ","chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":7968,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_feature.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_feature.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"Indonesian Christians attend a Christmas Eve service at a church in Surabaya on Dec. 24, 2016; Muslims take part in morning prayer to celebrate Eid al-Fitr, marking the end of Ramadan, in Bogor on April 21, 2023. (Photos by Juni Kriswanto and Aditya Aji, both AFP via Getty Images) ","chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":7968,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_feature.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_feature.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"caption":"Indonesian Christians attend a Christmas Eve service at a church in Surabaya on Dec. 24, 2016; Muslims take part in morning prayer to celebrate Eid al-Fitr, marking the end of Ramadan, in Bogor on April 21, 2023. (Photos by Juni Kriswanto and Aditya Aji, both AFP via Getty Images) ","chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":7968,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_feature.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_feature.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"Indonesian Christians attend a Christmas Eve service at a church in Surabaya on Dec. 24, 2016; Muslims take part in morning prayer to celebrate Eid al-Fitr, marking the end of Ramadan, in Bogor on April 21, 2023. (Photos by Juni Kriswanto and Aditya Aji, both AFP via Getty Images) ","chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":7968,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_feature.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_feature.png?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"caption":"Indonesian Christians attend a Christmas Eve service at a church in Surabaya on Dec. 24, 2016; Muslims take part in morning prayer to celebrate Eid al-Fitr, marking the end of Ramadan, in Bogor on April 21, 2023. (Photos by Juni Kriswanto and Aditya Aji, both AFP via Getty Images) ","chartArt":false},"social":{"id":7968,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_feature.png","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/03\/SR_24.03.28_indonesia_feature.png?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"caption":"Indonesian Christians attend a Christmas Eve service at a church in Surabaya on Dec. 24, 2016; Muslims take part in morning prayer to celebrate Eid al-Fitr, marking the end of Ramadan, in Bogor on April 21, 2023. (Photos by Juni Kriswanto and Aditya Aji, both AFP via Getty Images) ","chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[],"datacite_doi":"","prc_seo_data":{"title":"5 facts about Muslims and Christians in Indonesia","description":"Indonesia is about 87% Muslim and 11% Christian. Roughly 242 million Muslims and 29 million Christians live in Indonesia.","og_title":"5 facts about Muslims and Christians in Indonesia","og_description":"Indonesia is about 87% Muslim and 11% Christian. Roughly 242 million Muslims and 29 million Christians live in Indonesia.","schema_type":"Article","noindex":false,"canonical_url":"","primary_terms":{"regions-countries":10822326,"research-teams":10818963},"custom_schema":[],"twitter_description":"Indonesia is about 87% Muslim and 11% Christian. 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