{"id":8504,"date":"2022-09-26T10:59:21","date_gmt":"2022-09-26T15:59:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/%year%\/%monthnum%\/%day%\/when-asked-about-china-australians-tend-to-think-of-its-government-not-its-people\/"},"modified":"2025-04-23T23:55:37","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T03:55:37","slug":"when-asked-about-china-australians-tend-to-think-of-its-government-not-its-people","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/09\/26\/when-asked-about-china-australians-tend-to-think-of-its-government-not-its-people\/","title":{"rendered":"When asked about China, Australians tend to think of its government, not its people"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Official relations between Australia and China have been strained in recent years. The two countries have been involved in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2022-06-02\/trade-war-between-australia-china-labor-government\/101109164\">trade dispute<\/a> since 2020, when Australia <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/apr\/29\/australia-defends-plan-to-investigate-china-over-covid-19-outbreak-as-row-deepens\">called for an investigation<\/a> into the origins of the coronavirus and China responded by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/asia\/2020\/05\/21\/china-punishes-australia-for-promoting-an-inquiry-into-covid-19\">imposing new tariffs<\/a>. The worsening relationship has also been evident in public opinion surveys: Australia saw the <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2020\/10\/06\/unfavorable-views-of-china-reach-historic-highs-in-many-countries\/\">sharpest increase in negative views of China<\/a> of any country surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2020, and those negative views <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2022\/06\/29\/negative-views-of-china-tied-to-critical-views-of-its-policies-on-human-rights\/#spotlight-views-of-china-in-countries-where-bilateral-relations-are-strained\">remain widespread in Australia today<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To better understand how Australians think about China, the Center asked Australians in a 2021 survey to describe \u2013 in their own words \u2013 the first thing that comes to mind when they think of China. Researchers then analyzed the 1,127 responses with a focus on the first five topics that Australians mentioned.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to get a better sense of Australians\u2019 attitudes about China at a time of tension between the two countries. The analysis examines responses from Australians who were asked to describe, in their own words, the first things that come to mind when they think about China. To do this, we surveyed 1,127 Australians from March 15 to 29, 2021, and coded their responses. We coded the first five mentions in each open-ended response using a researcher-developed codebook.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here are <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/China-Australia-topline.pdf\">the questions used<\/a> for this analysis, along with responses, and <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/China-Australia-Methodology.pdf\">its methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-11917\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/09\/26\/when-asked-about-china-australians-tend-to-think-of-its-government-not-its-people\/ft_2022-09-26_australiachina_01-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eaebe4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eaebe4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/09\/ft_2022.09.26_australiachina_01.png?resize=480,896 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/09\/ft_2022.09.26_australiachina_01.png?resize=782,1460 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/09\/ft_2022.09.26_australiachina_01.png?resize=840,1568 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"784\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/09\/ft_2022.09.26_australiachina_01.png?w=420\" alt=\"A bar chart showing that when Australians think of China, the political system, human rights and threats are top of mind\" class=\"wp-image-11917 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Australian adults most frequently mentioned the political system when thinking about China (29%). Some specifically critiqued the government. For example, one Australian man said, \u201cChinese leadership is a threat to the rest of the world.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other Australians listed government actions, such as one woman who referenced \u201cpunishment for those who speak out about the government.\u201d Some comments about the government were more neutral, such as \u201cDifferent forms of government need to be respected.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A public focus on China\u2019s government \u2013 rather than its people \u2013 is consistent with other recent Pew Research Center findings about China, <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/03\/04\/in-their-own-words-what-americans-think-about-china\/\">including in the United States<\/a>. The Center has also found a similar pattern in survey respondents\u2019 views of countries other than China: Americans, for example, are more likely to have a negative view of <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/07\/11\/when-americans-think-about-israel-what-do-they-have-in-mind\/\">Israel\u2019s government than its people<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Australia, the share of respondents who brought up China\u2019s political system in their open-ended responses included 15% who described how political power was distributed across or exercised in the country. Many simply used labels such as \u201cundemocratic,\u201d \u201cauthoritarian\u201d and \u201coppressive.\u201d One Australian man called it a \u201ctotalitarian one-party state.\u201d An Australian woman described a \u201cstrongly focused government that will seek conformity from citizens.\u201d Another 9% of respondents specifically pointed to communism or the ruling Chinese Communist Party, which is set to convene its <a href=\"https:\/\/english.news.cn\/20220830\/e3ede2ba6e9f4de6b9eebe30603b51e4\/c.html\">National Party Congress in October<\/a>, when <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/china-hold-20th-communist-party-congress-starting-oct-16-state-media-2022-08-30\/\">President Xi Jinping<\/a> is expected to assume a third term.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote alignright\"><blockquote><p>A country that ignores rules and gets away with it. A country that wants to dominate the world. A bully that has used Australia as an example to other countries that if you cross them they will punish you.<\/p><cite>Australian woman<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In other responses to the Center\u2019s survey, nearly a quarter of Australians who volunteered an answer (23%) mentioned some perceived threat that China poses to the world, their region, Australia or China\u2019s own people. Most responses in this category focused on China\u2019s general quest to be the most powerful country (7%) or its perceived poor international conduct (7%), including mentions of manipulation and bullying on the world stage. One Australian woman said she thought of China as \u201ca country that ignores rules and gets away with it. A country that wants to dominate the world. A bully that has used Australia as an example to other countries that if you cross them they will punish you.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Threats were more commonly top of mind for Australians ages 60 and older, as well as those who support Australia\u2019s governing party \u2013 which, at the time of the survey, was the Liberal-National coalition, led by former Prime Minister Scott Morrison. (The current prime minister is Anthony Albanese of the Labor Party.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For some Australians, China poses an economic or military threat (referenced by 4% each). Perceived economic threats included \u201cworking their way into different countries by lending,\u201d using \u201ctrade sanctions to try and force their way or take revenge,\u201d or simply \u201ceconomic manipulation.\u201d Mentions of China\u2019s military included phrases such as \u201cmilitary strength,\u201d \u201ca military threat\u201d or \u201cmilitary expansion.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For roughly a quarter of Australians who volunteered an answer (23%), human rights abuses were one of the first things to come to mind when thinking of China, and 11% specifically mentioned lack of freedoms in the form of government repression and censorship. One man described the country as \u201ca powerful, growing empire with a bad human rights record that uses a surveillance state and heavy censorship to keep its government in power with no real opposition.\u201d Words like \u201cconformity\u201d and \u201cthought control\u201d also came up, as well as mentions of restricted freedom of expression for Chinese citizens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote alignright\"><blockquote><p>A powerful, growing empire with a bad human rights record that uses a surveillance state and heavy censorship to keep its government in power with no real opposition.<\/p><cite>Australian man<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The share of Australians who mentioned human rights included 4% who mentioned the Chinese government\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-china-22278037\">treatment of the Uyghur people<\/a>, an ethnic minority group in the Xinjiang region of northwest China. Some explicitly used the word \u201cgenocide,\u201d and others referenced \u201cconcentration\u201d or \u201cre-education\u201d camps. One Australian woman said, \u201cI have grave concerns about the Uyghurs and the way they are being rounded up and put into the so-called re-education centers. It seems as if there is another holocaust happening with these people.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roughly a fifth of Australian adults who offered an answer (18%) brought up the economy when thinking about China, including 4% who described the current state or growth of its economy. An Australian man referred to China as an \u201ceconomic powerhouse that managed to bring a billion people out of poverty in a few decades with cheap labor.\u201d Others focused on China\u2019s manufacturing prowess (3%), including an Australian woman who called China \u201cthe world\u2019s factory.\u201d An equal share of Australians (3%) mentioned trade, including China\u2019s tariffs on some Australian goods. Fewer mentioned topics such as cheap or poorly manufactured products, or China\u2019s status as an economic powerhouse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About one-in-ten Australians who provided an answer (8%) mentioned the <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/07\/21\/global-population-projected-to-exceed-8-billion-in-2022-half-live-in-just-seven-countries\/\">size of China\u2019s population<\/a> in their responses. For example, one woman said, \u201cBig population,\u201d and another referenced \u201cpopulation overflow.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A similar share of Australian respondents (7%) offered generally positive evaluations of China. Some of these respondents identified things associated with China, such as one woman who wrote, \u201cpandas, the wall of China, dumplings.\u201d Others mentioned China\u2019s culture and history, including another woman who mentioned China\u2019s \u201crich artistic, economic, trading and scientific history.\u201d Positive responses were more common among Australians ages 18 to 29 than those 60 and older. When it comes to <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/06\/29\/across-19-countries-more-people-see-the-u-s-than-china-favorably-but-more-see-chinas-influence-growing\/\">overall favorability<\/a> of China, younger Australians also have more favorable views of China than older ones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Australia<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/apr\/29\/australia-defends-plan-to-investigate-china-over-covid-19-outbreak-as-row-deepens\"> called for an investigation<\/a> into the origins of COVID-19 in 2020, and a small share of Australians who volunteered an answer mentioned COVID-19 in their answers (6%). This included references to the origins of the coronavirus with mentions of \u201cwet markets\u201d and \u201cWuhan,\u201d as well as references to China\u2019s response to COVID-19. Others said they held China responsible for the pandemic due to insufficient containment efforts or alleged that the Chinese government engaged in a cover-up to conceal the country\u2019s role in the spread of the virus. One woman said, \u201cThe first thing that comes to mind is selfish! If they had come forward when they were first aware of the risks of the virus and shut their borders to contain it, the world would not be suffering the way it is now.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote alignright\"><blockquote><p>The people themselves are lovely, but the government is power hungry.<\/p><cite>Australian woman<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another 6% of Australians who offered their views about China brought up the Chinese people. One woman said, \u201cThe people themselves are lovely, but the government is power hungry.\u201d Another woman said, \u201c[I] have worked with some lovely Chinese people but have concerns about the attitude of the country\u2019s ruling party towards other countries and their policies.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some specifically referenced Chinese nationals abroad \u2013 especially those living in Australia \u2013 and a perception that they failed to assimilate to local culture. Others spoke to the long-standing history of people of Chinese origins living in Australia, such as one woman who said, \u201c[There are] many Chinese living in Australia and have been for a long time and are part of our history. White Australia has often been racist towards Chinese.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the Chinese government received largely negative evaluations in Australians\u2019 responses, only 1% of responses expressed negative views of the Chinese people (compared with the 4% of responses that described the people of China in a positive light). Negative responses included words such as \u201cselfish\u201d and \u201cunsympathetic.\u201d In contrast, positive sentiments mentioned traits such as \u201chard-working,\u201d \u201cingenious\u201d and \u201cfamily oriented.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A small share of Australian respondents (3%) brought up China\u2019s environmental impact. One woman said she\u2019s \u201cbeen to China on business &amp; for personal reasons. I\u2019ve been north, south, east and a reasonable way west. I\u2019ve never seen the horizon, because of the ever-present pollution.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another 3% of respondents spoke about China as a general or political world power. These included an Australian woman who called China a \u201cworld power with serious potential.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Note: Here are <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/China-Australia-topline.pdf\">the questions used<\/a> for this analysis, along with responses, and <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/China-Australia-Methodology.pdf\">its methodology<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Australian adults most frequently mentioned the political system when thinking about China, while others mentioned threats and human rights.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":584,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2022-09-26T14:59:39Z","apple_news_api_id":"ef48cc26-bd54-48c5-911d-14625b1787a0","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2022-09-26T14:59:39Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAD\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/w==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/A70jMJr1USMWRHRRiWxeHoA","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":false,"apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":false,"apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"apple_news_api_pending":"1713063364","relatedPosts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0},"categories":[119],"bylines":[738,633,648],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[514],"research-teams":[525],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-8504","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","hentry","category-china-global-image","bylines-christine-huang","bylines-laura-clancy","bylines-sneha-gubbala","formats-short-read","regions-countries-international","research-teams-global"],"label":"Short 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