{"id":9239,"date":"2020-12-16T16:00:40","date_gmt":"2020-12-16T21:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/%year%\/%monthnum%\/%day%\/women-in-many-countries-face-harassment-for-clothing-deemed-too-religious-or-too-secular\/"},"modified":"2024-04-13T23:43:55","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T04:43:55","slug":"women-in-many-countries-face-harassment-for-clothing-deemed-too-religious-or-too-secular","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/12\/16\/women-in-many-countries-face-harassment-for-clothing-deemed-too-religious-or-too-secular\/","title":{"rendered":"Women in many countries face harassment for clothing deemed too religious \u2013 or too secular"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/FT_20.12.16_religiousSecularDress_featured.jpg?w=640\" alt=\"Two women wearing headscarves stand on an escalator in Essen, Germany, in 2018. (Rolf Vennenbernd\/DPA\/AFP via Getty Images)\" class=\"wp-image-381982\"\/><figcaption>(Rolf Vennenbernd\/DPA\/AFP via Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Religious restrictions around the world often target women, who in many countries face censure because their clothing is considered too religious \u2013 or not religious enough. These restrictions frequently take the form of social harassment by individuals or groups, but also sometimes involve official government actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16456\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/12\/16\/women-in-many-countries-face-harassment-for-clothing-deemed-too-religious-or-too-secular\/ft_2020-12-16_religiousdress_02-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f3f2f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f3f2f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_02.png?resize=480,482 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_02.png?resize=782,786 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_02.png?resize=840,844 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"422\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_02.png?w=420\" alt=\"Restrictions on women's dress have risen around the world in the past five years\" class=\"wp-image-16456 not-transparent\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women in 56 countries experienced social hostilities \u2013 that is, harassment from individuals or groups \u2013 due to clothing that was deemed to violate religious or secular dress norms, according to the sources analyzed for a <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2020\/11\/10\/in-2018-government-restrictions-on-religion-reach-highest-level-globally-in-more-than-a-decade\/\">recent Pew Research Center study<\/a> of 198 nations. Social harassment can range from verbal abuse to physical violence or killings motivated at least in part by the target\u2019s religious identity; incidents for this measure took place between 2016 and 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meanwhile, women in 61 countries faced government restrictions on dress \u2013 specifically, regulations on their head coverings. This measure covers rules that were in place or incidents that occurred in 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The number of countries where women faced social hostilities and government-imposed restrictions related to their dress has risen in the five most recent years of the study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"is-style-alternate wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible js-react-collapsible is-style-alternate\" data-title=\"How we did this\" data-style=\"is-style-alternate\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center measures government regulations and social hostilities tied to religious symbols and women\u2019s clothing as part of an annual series that analyzes the extent to which governments and societies around the world impinge on religious beliefs and practices. The <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2020\/11\/10\/in-2018-government-restrictions-on-religion-reach-highest-level-globally-in-more-than-a-decade\/\">most recent report<\/a> in this series, the Center\u2019s 11th annual, is part of the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project, which analyzes religious change and its impact on societies around the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To measure global restrictions on religion in 2018 \u2013 the most recent year for which data is available \u2013 the study rates 198 countries and territories by their levels of government restrictions on religion and social hostilities involving religion. The new study is based on the same 10-point indexes used in the previous studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The&nbsp;Government Restrictions Index&nbsp;measures government laws, policies and actions that restrict religious beliefs and practices. The GRI comprises 20 measures of restrictions, including efforts by government to ban particular faiths, prohibit conversion, limit preaching or give preferential treatment to one or more religious groups.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The&nbsp;Social Hostilities Index&nbsp;measures acts of religious hostility by private individuals, organizations or groups in society. This includes religion-related armed conflict or terrorism, mob or sectarian violence, harassment over attire for religious reasons, or other religion-related intimidation or abuse. The SHI includes 13 measures of social hostilities.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To track these indicators of government restrictions and social hostilities, researchers combed through more than a dozen publicly available, widely cited sources of information, including the U.S. State Department\u2019s annual reports on international religious freedom and annual reports from the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, as well as reports from a variety of European and UN bodies and several independent, nongovernmental organizations. (See&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2020\/11\/10\/methodology-35\">Methodology<\/a>&nbsp;for more details on sources used in the study.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 id=\"social-hostilities\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Social hostilities<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 42 of the 56 countries where sources indicated that social harassment took place between 2016 and 2018, women were targeted for violating secular dress norms, such as by wearing a hijab or other religious garb. In 19 countries, women were harassed for <em>not<\/em> adhering to religious dress codes, such as by not wearing head coverings or dressing in other ways deemed offensive to religious norms. (In five countries in the study \u2014 Germany, India, Indonesia, Israel and Russia \u2014 women experienced both types of harassment.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In four of the five regions covered in the study, social harassment for overly religious clothing was more common than harassment for overly secular clothing. The exception was the Middle East and North Africa, where women more commonly faced harassment for clothing deemed too secular. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16455\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/12\/16\/women-in-many-countries-face-harassment-for-clothing-deemed-too-religious-or-too-secular\/ft_2020-12-16_religiousdress_01-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0ebe7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0ebe7;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_01.png?resize=480,426 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_01.png?resize=782,694 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_01.png?resize=841,746 841w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"373\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_01.png?w=420\" alt=\"In 20 European countries, women were harassed for clothing not deemed secular enough\" class=\"wp-image-16455 not-transparent\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Europe had the most countries where women faced social hostilities for violating dress norms, with incidents recorded in 20 countries, or 44% of the 45 nations in the region. In all of these cases, Muslim women faced discrimination, physical violence and other forms of abuse for wearing head coverings. In Denmark, for example, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/denmark\/\">a driver refused to cede a parking space <\/a>to a Muslim woman in 2018 because she was wearing a headscarf. And in Germany, a woman <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/germany\">hit a Muslim woman<\/a> and tried to remove her headscarf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Asia-Pacific region had the second-most countries with such incidents, with women facing harassment for violating dress codes in 14 of the region\u2019s 50 nations, or 28%. In 10 of these countries, women were harassed for clothing that was deemed too religious, whereas in six countries, they experienced harassment for attire that was considered too secular (in two countries \u2013 India and Indonesia \u2013 both types of harassment occurred). In Malaysia, for instance, police in 2018 arrested a man who admitted to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/malaysia\/\">assaulting a woman<\/a> because she was not wearing a headscarf. And in Kyrgyzstan in 2016, billboards sparked debate over religious dress in the country by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2016-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/kyrgyz-republic\/\">displaying photos of women<\/a> in various forms of Islamic dress with the caption \u201cOh, poor nation, where are we headed?\u201d The displays were seen as a commentary on the spread of foreign and overly religious dress customs in the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women faced social hostilities for violating dress codes in seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa and six countries in the Americas. In sub-Saharan Africa, women were harassed for violating secular dress codes in four countries, and for violating religious dress codes in three. In parts of Kenya, for example, a teacher\u2019s union reported in 2018 that female teachers were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/kenya\/\">required to wear hijabs<\/a>, while in Liberia, Muslim women reportedly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/liberia\/\">experienced workplace discrimination<\/a> for wearing headscarves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Americas, all instances of harassment targeted women who wore clothing considered too religious. In Trinidad and Tobago, for example, a Muslim teacher at a Hindu school in 2018 was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/trinidad-and-tobago\/\">told to remove her hijab<\/a> or leave the premises. And in Canada in 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2016-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/canada\/\">a woman spit on and pulled the hijab and hair of a Muslim shopper<\/a> in a supermarket in Ontario.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Middle East and North Africa, eight of 20 countries saw harassment for overly secular attire, while two countries saw it for overly religious clothing. In Israel, for instance, a group of Orthodox Jewish men in 2018 were seen <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/israel\/\">chasing and yelling at a girl<\/a> for dressing that they perceived as \u201cimmodest.\u201d &nbsp;In Qatar, a Muslim woman in 2016 was criticized for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2016-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/qatar\/\">appearing on a news program<\/a> without a hijab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"government-restrictions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Government restrictions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Official rules about the wearing of religious symbols \u2013 such as hijabs for women and beards for men \u2013 are another form of religious restriction observed around the world. In the vast majority of countries where such restrictions were recorded in 2018, they targeted head coverings for women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every region had at least some rules about women\u2019s headdress. Europe had the most countries where women\u2019s head coverings were restricted by the government, with instances in 21 of 45 countries. In Norway, for example, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/norway\/\">the government passed a ban on face-covering clothing<\/a> at educational institutions, preventing students and teachers from wearing niqabs and burqas in schools and daycare centers. The country continued to ban religious headwear and other religious symbols from being worn with police uniforms, but allowed religious headwear in the military.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16461\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/12\/16\/women-in-many-countries-face-harassment-for-clothing-deemed-too-religious-or-too-secular\/ft_2020-12-16_religiousdress_03-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f7f4f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f7f4f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_03.png?resize=480,372 480w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_03.png?resize=782,607 782w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_03.png?resize=960,745 960w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_03.png?resize=1200,931 1200w, https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_03.png?resize=1281,994 1281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"497\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/ft_2020.12.16_religiousdress_03.png?w=640\" alt=\"Women's religious head coverings are regulated in 61 countries\" class=\"wp-image-16461 not-transparent\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Governments regulated women\u2019s headdress in 16 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, nine in the Middle East and North Africa, nine in sub-Saharan Africa and six in the Americas. In Australia, for instance, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/australia\/\">a judge did not allow a woman to wear a niqab<\/a> in the court\u2019s public spectator gallery during her husband\u2019s trial on charges of terrorism. In Turkey, by contrast, students and parents claimed a school principal in the city of Urfa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/turkey\/\">threatened that female students<\/a> would receive failing grades if they did not wear head coverings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In some countries, governments have specific rules for the type of religious clothing women should wear. In Iran, for example, the government&nbsp;requires all women&nbsp;to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/iran\/\">adhere to \u201cIslamic dress\u201d standards<\/a> in public, including covering their hair and bodies in loose clothing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Women in 56 countries experienced social hostilities due to clothing that was deemed to violate religious or secular dress norms.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":584,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2020-12-16T22:01:14Z","apple_news_api_id":"8d1d26ef-ef46-400c-995e-bca5bb416f82","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2020-12-16T22:01:14Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAD\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/w==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/AjR0m7-9GQAyZXrylu0Fvgg","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"relatedPosts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0},"categories":[],"bylines":[770],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[515],"research-teams":[517],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-9239","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","hentry","bylines-virginia-villa","formats-short-read","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-religion"],"label":"Short Read","post_parent":0,"word_count":1300,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/12\/16\/women-in-many-countries-face-harassment-for-clothing-deemed-too-religious-or-too-secular\/","art_direction":{"A2":{"id":16495,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.12.16_religiousSecularDress_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.12.16_religiousSecularDress_featured-jpg.webp?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":16495,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.12.16_religiousSecularDress_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.12.16_religiousSecularDress_featured-jpg.webp?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":16495,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.12.16_religiousSecularDress_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.12.16_religiousSecularDress_featured-jpg.webp?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":16495,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.12.16_religiousSecularDress_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.12.16_religiousSecularDress_featured-jpg.webp?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A1":{"id":16495,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.12.16_religiousSecularDress_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.12.16_religiousSecularDress_featured-jpg.webp?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":16495,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.12.16_religiousSecularDress_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.12.16_religiousSecularDress_featured-jpg.webp?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[],"datacite_doi":"","prc_seo_data":{"title":"Women in many countries face harassment for clothing","description":"Women in 56 countries experienced social hostilities due to clothing that was deemed to violate religious or secular dress norms.","og_title":"Women in many countries face harassment for clothing deemed too religious \u2013 or too secular","og_description":"Women in 56 countries experienced social hostilities due to clothing that was deemed to violate religious or secular dress norms.","schema_type":"Article","noindex":false,"canonical_url":"","primary_terms":[],"custom_schema":[],"og_image":16495,"indexnow_submitted_at":null,"gsc_index_status":null},"prepublish_checks":{},"apple_news_notices":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"relatedPostsOrdered":[],"bylinesOrdered":[{"key":"fdf63ffde4a7a96e6f5fb0f90f112ddb","termId":770}],"acknowledgementsOrdered":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/short-read\/9239","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/short-read"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/short-read"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/584"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9239"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/short-read\/9239\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30109,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/short-read\/9239\/revisions\/30109"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9239"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9239"},{"taxonomy":"bylines","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bylines?post=9239"},{"taxonomy":"collection","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/collection?post=9239"},{"taxonomy":"datasets","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/datasets?post=9239"},{"taxonomy":"_post_visibility","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/_post_visibility?post=9239"},{"taxonomy":"formats","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/formats?post=9239"},{"taxonomy":"_fund_pool","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/_fund_pool?post=9239"},{"taxonomy":"languages","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/languages?post=9239"},{"taxonomy":"regions-countries","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/regions-countries?post=9239"},{"taxonomy":"research-teams","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-teams?post=9239"},{"taxonomy":"workflow-status","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beta.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/workflow-status?post=9239"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}